Park Yung-hyo

Park Yung-hyo or Park Yeong-hyo (12 June 1861 – 21 September 1939) was a Korean politician from the Joseon period, an enlightenment activist, diplomat, and pro-Japanese collaborator. He was one of the organizers of the Gapsin Coup of 1884, in which progressive political elements attempted to overthrow the conservative Korean government. He become Prince Consort Geumneung through his marriage to Princess Yeonghye, King Cheoljong's daughter.

Early life and education
Park Yeong-hyo was born in Suwon, south of Hanseong. He was the third son of Park Won-yang and his mother was Lady Yi of the Jeonui Yi clan.

By birth, he also had a distant connection with the Royal Family: his 7th great-grandfather was Park Se-gyo (1611–1663), the only son of King Seonjo's 5th daughter, Princess Jeongan (1590–1660), and Park Mi, Prince Consort Geumyang (1592–1645).

Park Yeong-hyo was also an adoptive 16th great-grandson of Park Eun (박은, 朴誾; 1370–1422) who was the great-great-grandfather of Queen Inseong, wife of King Injong, and the 4th great-grandfather of Queen Uiin, first wife of King Seonjo. Thus making him distant cousins with the queens.

On April 3, 1872, he was chosen to be the spouse of Princess Yeonghye, the only living daughter of King Cheoljong, the 25th King of Joseon. However, the princess passed away just three months after their wedding.

Together with Kim Ok-gyun, Park was a strong supporter of the Dongnipdang, or “Enlightenment Party”, which sought to reform the government, economy, and military by incorporating Western technology and methodology, so that Korea would become stable enough to withstand increasing foreign encroachment. He accompanied Kim on his visit to Tokyo, meeting with various influential Japanese politicians, including Fukuzawa Yukichi.

Career
He is credited with creating the first Korean national flag, in 1882.

Gapsin Coup
Park was one of the leaders of the 1884 Gapsin Coup that attempted to overthrow the government and institute Western-style reforms. The coup attempt lasted only three days before its suppression by Chinese troops. He was forced to flee to Japan, where he initially stayed with Fukuzawa Yukichi, before moving on to Kobe.

Subsequent career
Following the Japanese Occupation of Gyeongbokgung Palace, Park returned to Korea with some of his entourage, such as Lee Kyu-wan and Ryu Hyeok-ro. Arriving Seoul on 23 August 1894, Park requested a discursive authority to reform the country to Gojong. But because public ideas about reforms remained so negative due to the Gapsin Coup, Park was not able to gain great political power, and instead fled to Incheon. Following the Japanese victory of Battle of Pyongyang, the Korean public started to regard Japan as the new leading power in Asia. Finally on 9 December, Park and his allies gained political independence. Furthermore, Park successfully managed the coup of Heungseon Daewongun, who was trying to make Yi Jun-yong the king. Park gained the trust of Gojong and the Japanese minister. The Second Kim Hong-jip cabinet was established, and Park was appointed as Minister of Interior. Even though Park was not the prime minister, he gained great authority to equal that position. Park did not enjoy being a puppet of Japan; he started to build his own political basements by appointing Lee Kyu-wan as the commander of police and Ryu Hyeok-ro as the Director of Artillery. However, Park once asked Gojong to replace his bodyguards with Hunryeondae, which was a Japanese-influenced organization. This proposal made the king furious; the Min regime identified Park as an enemy, forcing Park to flee to Japan again. After the removal of Park, the new cabinet became pro-American, Russian, and English, consisting of Bak Jeongyang, Ye Wanyong, Yi Bum-jin, and Min Young-hwan.

Following the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910, in which Korea was annexed to the Empire of Japan, Park was awarded with the kazoku title of marquess (koshaku) in the Japanese peerage, and a seat in the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. He served as Director of the Bank of Korea in 1918, Chairman of the Korean Economic Association in 1919, first president of The Dong-a Ilbo newspaper in 1920, president of the Kyungbang Corporation, chairman of the Korea Industrialization Bank in 1921, and advisor to the Government-General of Korea’s Central Institute.

Family
Park didn't remarry due to the connections he gained through his marriage to Princess Yeonghye.

Thus having him to take in 3 concubines which produced 3 illegitimate children; 1 daughter, Park Myo-ok, and 2 sons, Park Jin-seo and Park Il-seo. Among Park's granddaughters was Park Chan-ju, who was married to Prince Yi U (이우, 李鍝; 15 August 1912 – 7 August 1945), and was the mother of Yi Cheong.

Park Chan-ju's younger brother, Park Chan-beom (박찬범, 朴贊汎; 17 August 1917 – 23 November 1986) eventually married, and later divorced, Yi Kang’s third illegitimate daughter, Yi Hae-chun (이해춘; 1921 – 2009), and had one son Park Hyeong-woo (박형우, 朴亨雨; 1937 – 2012).


 * Father – Park Won-yang (1804–1884)
 * Mother
 * Biological – Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan, or Lady Lee of the Jeonui Lee clan (1817–1884), Park Won-yang's third wife
 * Step – Lady Yi (1802–?)
 * Step – Lady Song (1803–1822)
 * Siblings
 * Older sister – Lady Park of the Bannam Park clan (1847–?)
 * Older brother – Park Yeong-gyo (1849–1884)
 * Older brother – Park Yeong-ho (1852–1897)
 * Older sister – Lady Park of the Bannam Park clan (1858–?)
 * Spouse
 * Princess Yeonghye (1859 – 4 July 1872) – No issue.
 * Concubines and their issue
 * Sun Gil-dang (1861–?) – No issue.
 * Lady Beom (1865–?)
 * Daughter – Park Myo-ok, Lady Park of the Bannam Park clan (1884–?)
 * Son – Park Heung-won (1895–?)
 * Park Gyeong-hui (1870–?)
 * Son – Park Jin-seo (1893–?)
 * Son – Park Il-seo (1897–1931)
 * Unnamed concubine (1890–?) – No issue.

Writings

 * Sahwa giryak