Penares

Penares is a widely distributed genus of demosponges.

Description
These sponges are irregularly massive and have a thin cortex. Species belonging to this genus have dichotriaenes (spicules with pairs of branched rays) and oxeas (needle-like spicules with both ends pointed). Smooth microrhabds (modified microxeas (small oxeas) or microstrongyles (small rods with both ends blunt or rounded)) form a crust in the ectosome. Euasters (star-shaped microscleres with multiple rays radiating from a central point) may also be present.

Species
The following species are recognised: • Penares alatus (Lendenfeld, 1907)

• Penares angeli Sim-Smith, Hickman & Kelly, 2021

• Penares anisoxia Boury-Esnault, 1973

• Penares apicospinatus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997

• Penares astronavis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares aureus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares candidatus (Schmidt, 1868)

• Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973

• Penares cortius de Laubenfels, 1930

• Penares deformis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares dendyi (Hentschel, 1912)

• Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868)

• Penares foliaformis Wilson, 1904

• Penares hartmeyeri (Uliczka, 1929)

• Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864)

• Penares hilgendorfi (Thiele, 1898)

• Penares hongdoensis Jeon & Sim, 2009

• Penares incrustans Tanita, 1963

• Penares intermedius (Dendy, 1905)

• Penares kermadecensis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares mastoideus (Schmidt, 1880)

• Penares metastrosus (Lebwohl, 1914)

• Penares micraster Lévi, 1993

• Penares mollis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares nux (de Laubenfels, 1954)

• Penares ochraceus (Carter, 1886)

• Penares okokewae Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares orbis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares orthotriaena Burton, 1931

• Penares palmatoclada Lévi, 1993

• Penares saccharis (de Laubenfels, 1930)

• Penares scabiosus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997

• Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905)

• Penares sclerobesus Topsent, 1904

• Penares sineastra Van Soest, 2017

• Penares sollasi Thiele, 1900

• Penares sphaera (Lendenfeld, 1907)

• Penares turmericolor Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

• Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924

• Penares vermiculatus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019