Penion sulcatus

Penion sulcatus is a species of medium-to-large predatory marine snail or whelk, commonly called the northern siphon whelk or kākara nui in Māori, belonging to the whelk family Austrosiphonidae.

Description
Penion sulcatus is a medium-to-large species of Penion siphon whelk. Shells are highly variable in sculpture and colouration, but shells are often dark with a white aperture.

The extinct species Penion exoptatus, Penion clifdenensis, and potentially also Penion marwicki, may belong to the same evolutionary lineage as the extant species Penion sulcatus. This hypothesis is based on geometric morphometric analysis of shell shape and size for all four taxa, as well as the analysis of morphometric variation exhibited all living species of Penion.

Distribution
Penion sulcatus is endemic to New Zealand. The species is found of the entire North Island and northern South Island coasts. The species has an abundant fossil record in the North Island of New Zealand.

P. sulcatus is benthic and is common on soft-sediments on the continental shelf or within the subtidal rocky shore environment.

Ecology
Penion sulcatus is a carnivore and is known to feed on mussels and Dosina zelandica zelandica.

Human use
Shells found in middens of historic Māori settlements indicate that P. sulcatus may have been intentionally foraged as a food-source.