Pier Andrea Saccardo



Pier Andrea Saccardo (23 April 1845 in Treviso, Treviso – 12 February 1920 in Padua) was an Italian botanist and mycologist. He was also the author of a color classification system that he called Chromotaxia. He was elected to the Linnean Society in 1916 as a foreign member. His multi-volume Sylloge Fungorum was one of the first attempts to produce a comprehensive treatise on the fungi which made use of the spore-bearing structures for classification.

Life
Saccardo was born in the wine growing region of Selva di Montello to Elena Vidotto and engineer Francesco di Selva. He studied at gymnasium of the Venice seminary, the Lyceum in Venice, and then at the Technical Institute of the University of Padua from 1864. Even at the age of fourteen, he had already put together a herbarium and had made collections of the insects of Treviso. He visited the Kew gardens in 1862. He received a doctorate in 1867 and in the same year married Eleonora Zava. He became an Assistant to Roberto de Visiani (1800-1878) an Italian botanist, naturalist and scholar. Then in 1869, he became a professor of Natural History in Padua. In 1876 he established the mycological journal Michelia which published many of his early mycological papers. In 1879 he became a professor of Botany and director of the botanical gardens of the university until 1915. He accumulated around 70,000 fungal specimens encompassing over 18,500 different species for his herbarium now stored at the university. Saccardo edited two exsiccata series, namely Muschi Trevigiani dissecti / Bryotheca Tarvisina (1864) and Mycotheca Veneta, sistens fungos Venetos exsiccatos (1875-1881).

Saccardo's scientific activity focused almost entirely on mycology. He wrote his first book in 1864 (when he was 19 years old), Flora Montellica: an introduction to the flora Trevigiana. In 1872, he published Mycologiae Venetae Specimen, in which he described some 1200 fungi species. He published over 140 papers on the Deuteromycota (imperfect mushrooms) and the Pyrenomycetes. He was most famous for his Sylloge, begun in 1882, which was a comprehensive list of all of the names that had been used for mushrooms. Sylloge is still the only work of this kind that was both comprehensive for the botanical kingdom Fungi and reasonably modern. Saccardo also developed a system for classifying the imperfect fungi by spore color and form, which became the primary system used before classification by DNA analysis. Saccardo was the most prolific author of fungal species, having formally described 6052 species in his lifetime.

Chromotaxy scale
Saccardo proposed a color scale in 1894, for standardizing color naming of plant descriptions.

Selected publications
Indispensable in the history of mycology is his master work Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum (Padua 1882–90, in nine volumes) followed by the 1931 edition in 25 volumes.

Books

 * Prospetto della Flora Trivigiana (Venice 1864)
 * Bryotheca Tarvisina (Treviso 1864)
 * Della storia e letteratura della Flora Veneta (Milan 1869)
 * Sommario d'un corso di botanica (3rd ed., Padua 1880)
 * Musci Tarvisini (Treviso 1872)
 * Mycologiae Venetae specimen (Padua 1873)
 * Mycotheca Veneta (Padua 1874–79)
 * Michelis, commentarium mycologicum (Padua 1877 to 1882, 2 volumes.)
 * Fungi italici autographie delineati et colorati (Padua 1877–86, with 1,500 tables)

Personal life
He had a son, Domenico Saccardo (1872–1952) and a daughter. The lichenologist Francesco Saccardo (1869–1896) was his nephew. His son-in-law Alessandro Trotter was involved in the posthumous completion of several of volumes of the Sylloge fungorum.

Eponyms
Saccardo was honoured in the naming of various genera and species;
 * Saccardoa 1869, (Lichenes), synonym of Pseudocyphellaria
 * Saccardia (Saccardiaceae family) in Grevillea 7: 49 in 1878.
 * Saccardoella 1879, (Sordariomycetes class) in Michelia 1(5): 461 in 1879.
 * Saccardinula (Elsinoaceae family) in Anales Soc. Sci. Argent. 19: 257 in 1885.
 * Pasaccardoa 1891, (in the Asteraceae family.
 * Saccardaea now a synonym of Venustosynnema ciliatum.
 * Saccardophytum, first published in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 53: 181 in 1902, now a synonym of Benthamiella.
 * Saccardomyces (Trichosphaeriaceae family) in Hedwigia 43: 353 in 1904.
 * Phaeosaccardinula (Chaetothyriaceae family) in Hedwigia 44: XIV, 67 in 1905.
 * Neosaccardia (fungi), synonym of Scleroderma

Other sources

 * Meyers Konversations-Lexikon of 1890
 * Davis, J. J. (August 1920) "Pier Andrea Saccardo" Botanical Gazette 70(2): pp. 156–157
 * Dörfelt, Heinrich and Heklau, Heike (1998) Die Geschichte der Mykologie (The History of Mycology) Einhorn-Verlag E. Dietenberger, Schwäbisch Gmünd, ISBN 3-927654-44-2