Pocket forest

A pocket forest is created by planting native trees and shrubs in close proximity as a means of rapidly restoring native plant species in damaged ecosystems. While forests naturally grow through a primary stage and then a secondary stage before reaching their climax stage, pocket forests are created by a dense planting of climax stage species which grow rapidly in competition for sunlight. The concept is based on the work of Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, whose "Miyawaki forests" have inspired a variety of pocket forest methodologies adapted to different climates and spacial constraints. Pocket forests have been embraced by environmentalists as a means of reforesting urban spaces and teaching urban residents about native forest environments.

Methods
A variety of protocols for site preparation and planting have been developed, all sharing the same underlying principles as the original Miyawaki method. The following is an example methodology:

The area to be planted is first covered with a layer of cardboard which is then covered with 3-6 in of compost and allowed to acclimate to local moisture conditions for several months. The covered area is then planted with year-old plant nursery saplings spaced approximately 2 ft apart. The entire surface area should be planted at the same time with a variety of native species so no saplings of the same species are adjacent to each other. Watering is unnecessary for native plants acclimated to the local environment; although watering for the first few years after planting, and during drought periods, will reduce mortality of individual plants. Pocket forests planted with greater density than commercial timberland utilize edge lighting in addition to overhead lighting to grow faster while absorbing more carbon dioxide per acre.

Three is the minimum number of different species of nursery saplings for planting a pocket forest. The arrangement below of species A, B and C illustrates avoidance of planting the same species in adjacent positions. A  B   C   A B   C   A   B   C  A   B   C   A

Examples

 * Pocket Forests CLG assists creation of pocket forests of 6-50 m2 within urban areas of Ireland.
 * The Yakama Nation has planted seven pocket forests of 47 species totaling 23,000 ft2 on their corrections and rehabilitation facility.
 * A Miyawaki forest has been planted over a landfill in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of Danehy Park.
 * A 1,000 ft2 forest has been planted as part of Griffith Park in Los Angeles.
 * Several Miyawaki forests have been planted in Berkeley, California.
 * A 770 m2 pocket forest of 20 species is being planted in the City of Brussels.
 * The town of Ayer, Massachusetts, organized community volunteers to plant a pocket forest.

Potential problems
Miyawaki developed the method as a means of replenishing forest soils by allowing dead leaves and twigs to decompose in a moist, wood-rotting ecosystem. This process may be less successful in drier fire ecosystems where nutrients are recycled as ashes. The dense pocket forest forms a capture mechanism for wind-blown embers, dried ground litter is an ignition source, and the multi-layered pocket forest forms a fuel ladder with wildfire risks in urban areas.