Politics of California

The politics of the U.S. state of California form part of the politics of the United States. The politics are defined by the Constitution of California.

Government
California's government consists of three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The California State Legislature is bicameral. The lower house, the California State Assembly, has 80 members, and the upper house, the California State Senate, has 40 members. The executive branch is led by the Governor of California. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of California, the California Courts of Appeal, and the California superior courts.

Electoral system
California currently uses the nonpartisan blanket primary in its elections, where candidates regardless of party, including multiple nominees from a single party, contest the ballot and the candidates with the two highest numbers of votes are entered into a general election. Some municipalities, such as San Francisco and Berkeley, have opted to use instant-runoff voting for local elections.

Political parties
As of 2023, the two major political parties in California that currently have representation in the State Legislature and U.S. Congress are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are four other parties that qualify for official ballot status: the American Independent Party, Green Party, Libertarian Party, and Peace and Freedom Party. There are also other minor parties in California that are not ballot qualified including the American Solidarity Party, National Party and Reform Party.

History
The first presidential election the state participated in was 1852. For the next few decades after the Civil War, California was a Republican-leaning but a very competitive state in presidential elections, as in voted for the nationwide winner all but thrice between statehood and 1912, with the exceptions of 1880, 1884, and 1912. Beginning with the 1916 election, the state shifted into a bellwether. Between 1916 and 1948, it voted for the nationwide winner every time, and was critical to Democratic victories in 1916 and 1948, as well.

Franklin Roosevelt carried all but one county in the state in 1932, and in 1936 all counties. Roosevelt's third and fourth presidential elections saw him win by smaller margins. In 1948, the state narrowly voted for Truman. Beginning with the 1952 presidential election, California became a Republican-leaning battleground state. The Republican candidate won California in every presidential election in the next 36 years except the election of 1964, often by a margin similar to the national one. In these years, the GOP nominated two Californians as presidential candidates during four presidential elections: Richard Nixon in 1960,1968 and 1972, and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984.

Beginning with the 1992 presidential election, California has become increasingly Democratic. The state has voted Democratic in every presidential election since then, usually by lopsided margins, and starting in 2008, Democrats have consistently gotten at least 60% of the vote. Voting patterns since 1992 have remained consistent by and large, with Democratic presidential candidates carrying the coastal counties and Republicans the inland counties, though Democrats have gained in many Southern counties as well.

At the state level, California has had more mixed voting tendencies until more recently. Six of the state's first seven governors were Democrats; during subsequent decades, control of the governorship frequently shifted between the two parties. In the 20th century, 13 of the state's 20 governors were Republicans, but Democrats have held the governorship since 2011. The 2018 election marked the first time Democrats won more than two consecutive gubernatorial elections in the state's history.

Northern California's inland areas and the Central Valley are mostly Republican areas. Historically, parts of Southern California, such as Orange County and Riverside County were Republican bastions, however, they have continued to trend Democratic in recent decades, with all five congressional districts flipping Democrat in 2018. Coastal California, including the Bay Area, Los Angeles, San Diego and Sacramento, is mostly Democratic-leaning. In the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections, Democrats won all of California's coastal counties except for Del Norte. As most of the population is in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, California as a whole tends to be liberal.

Political issues
Many of California's governmental agencies, institutions, and programs have been established in the Constitution of California. Additionally, the state constitution establishes mandatory funding levels for some agencies, programs and institutions. This issue came to the forefront when Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and the California Legislature attempted to cut spending to close the state's multibillion-dollar budget deficits during the 2000s. Consequently, affected agencies with support from special interest groups, successfully pressed the California Supreme Court to order the restoration of funding to a number of agencies and programs which had been cut.

There have been several events, many dubbed "constitutional crises" by their opponents, over the last thirty-two years including:
 * the passage of term limits for the California legislature and elected constitutional officers, which was hotly argued statewide, and debated in the Supreme Court of California;
 * a test of the ratification process for the Supreme Court, in which a liberal chief justice, Rose Bird, and two liberal associate Justices, Joseph Grodin and Cruz Reynoso, were ousted;
 * a full-fledged tax revolt, "Proposition 13", which resulted in the freezing of real estate tax rates at 1% of the property's last sale price (plus a modest 2% maximum annual inflator);
 * a test of the state recall provision, in which Governor Gray Davis was recalled in a 2003 special election.
 * a failure to pass a budget until almost three months after the constitutional deadline (2008).

Water and water rights have been notable issues due to California's limited water supply. Various parts of the state have vied for water rights. In the California Water Wars, the city of Los Angeles conflicted with farmers from Eastern California over water rights. Most water is in the north of the State, while agriculture, the largest user of stored water in California, is most prevalent in the central and southern areas. There have been various proposals to transport additional water to the south, such as the Peripheral Canal, but these proposals have failed.

Land use is also divisive, with the California housing shortage being a significant issue.

Gun control is another divisive issue, with California having some of the most restrictive gun laws in the United States.

Federal representation
Since it is the most populous state, California has the largest Congressional delegation of any state, with 52 representatives and two senators. In the 118th Congress, 40 of California's seats are held by Democrats and 12 are held by Republicans. There are as follows:


 * California's 1st congressional district represented by Doug LaMalfa (R)
 * California's 2nd congressional district represented by Jared Huffman (D)
 * California's 3rd congressional district represented by Kevin Kiley (R)
 * California's 4th congressional district represented by Mike Thompson (D)
 * California's 5th congressional district represented by Tom McClintock (R)
 * California's 6th congressional district represented by Ami Bera (D)
 * California's 7th congressional district represented by Doris Matsui (D)
 * California's 8th congressional district represented by John Garamendi (D)
 * California's 9th congressional district represented by Josh Harder (D)
 * California's 10th congressional district represented by Mark DeSaulnier (D)
 * California's 11th congressional district represented by Nancy Pelosi (D)
 * California's 12th congressional district represented by Barbara Lee (D)
 * California's 13th congressional district represented by John Duarte (R)
 * California's 14th congressional district represented by Eric Swalwell (D)
 * California's 15th congressional district represented by Kevin Mullen (D)
 * California's 16th congressional district represented by Anna Eshoo (D)
 * California's 17th congressional district represented by Ro Khanna (D)
 * California's 18th congressional district represented by Zoe Lofgren (D)
 * California's 19th congressional district represented by Jimmy Panetta (D)
 * California's 20th congressional district represented by Kevin McCarthy (R)
 * California's 21st congressional district represented by Jim Costa (D)
 * California's 22nd congressional district represented by David Valadao (R)
 * California's 23rd congressional district represented by Jay Obernolte (R)
 * California's 24th congressional district represented by Salud Carbajal (D)
 * California's 25th congressional district represented by Raul Ruiz (D)
 * California's 26th congressional district represented by Julia Brownley (D)
 * California's 27th congressional district represented by Mike Garcia (R)
 * California's 28th congressional district represented by Judy Chu (D)
 * California's 29th congressional district represented by Tony Cárdenas (D)
 * California's 30th congressional district represented by Adam Schiff (D)
 * California's 31st congressional district represented by Grace Napolitano (D)
 * California's 32nd congressional district represented by Brad Sherman (D)


 * California's 33rd congressional district represented by Pete Aguilar (D)
 * California's 34th congressional district represented by Jimmy Gomez (D)
 * California's 35th congressional district represented by Norma Torres (D)
 * California's 36th congressional district represented by Ted Lieu (D)
 * California's 37th congressional district represented by Sydney Kamlager-Dove (D)
 * California's 38th congressional district represented by Linda Sánchez (D)
 * California's 39th congressional district represented by Mark Takano (D)
 * California's 40th congressional district represented by Young Kim (R)
 * California's 41st congressional district represented by Ken Calvert (R)
 * California's 42nd congressional district represented by Robert Garcia (D)
 * California's 43rd congressional district represented by Maxine Waters (D)
 * California's 44th congressional district represented by Nanette Barragán (D)
 * California's 45th congressional district represented by Michelle Steel (R)
 * California's 46th congressional district represented by Lou Correa (D)
 * California's 47th congressional district represented by Katie Porter (D)
 * California's 48th congressional district represented by Darrell Issa (R)
 * California's 49th congressional district represented by Mike Levin (D)
 * California's 50th congressional district represented by Scott Peters (D)
 * California's 51st congressional district represented by Sara Jacobs (D)
 * California's 52nd congressional district represented by Juan Vargas (D)

California is currently represented by Democratic senator Alex Padilla, serving since 2021, and Laphonza Butler, serving since 2023 following the death of Dianne Feinstein.

California is part of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, the United States District Court for the Central District of California, the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California in the federal judiciary. The district's cases are appealed to the San Francisco-based United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

Archival collections

 * Guide to the California Political Publication and Ephemera Collection. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Other

 * Deep Cuts Threaten to Reshape California by Jennifer Steinhauer, The New York Times, May 30, 2009
 * TotalCapitol.com California political news and database of people in California politics
 * TotalCapitol.com California political news and database of people in California politics