Porcellian Club

The Porcellian Club is an all-male final club at Harvard University, sometimes called the Porc or the P.C. The year of founding is usually given as 1791, when a group began meeting under the name "the Argonauts", or as 1794, the year of the roast pig dinner at which the club, known first as "the Pig Club" was formally founded. The club's motto, Dum vivimus vivamus (while we live, let us live) is Epicurean. The club emblem is the pig and some members sport golden pigs on watch-chains or neckties bearing pig's-head emblems.

The Porcellian is the iconic "hotsy-totsy final club", with a history of Harvard calling the Porcellian "the most final of them all."

Founding
According to a Harvard Crimson article of February 23, 1887:"This society was established in 1791. It occupies rooms on Harvard street and owns a library of some 7000 volumes. Its members are taken from the senior, junior and sophomore classes about eight from each class. The origin of its name is popularly supposed to be as follows:

In the year 1791, a student brought a pig into his room in Hollis. In those days the window-seats were merely long boxes with lids, used to store articles in. Said student having an antipathy to the proctor who roomed beneath, was accustomed to squeeze piggy's ears and make him squeal whenever said proctor was engaged in the study of the classics. The result would be a rush by the proctor for the student's rooms, where the student was to be found studying (?), peacefully seated on his window-seat. Piggy, in the mean time had been deposited beneath, and no sound disturbed the tranquillity of the scene. On the departure of the hated proctor, a broad grin would spread over the countenance of the joker and in a little while the scene would be repeated with variations. But when it was rumored that his room was to be searched by the faculty, the joker determined to cheat them of their prey. So he invited some of his classmates to the room and the pig being cooked, all present partook of a goodly feast. They enjoyed their midnight meal so much that they determined then and there to form a club and have such entertainments periodically. In order to render historical the origin of the club and also to give it a classic touch, they decided to call it the Porcellian from Latin 'porcus'.

In 1831, the society bearing the name of the 'Order of the Knights of the Square Table' was joined to the Porcellian, as 'the objects and interests of the two societies were identical'."

An 1891 article from the Cambridge Chronicle recounts the early members of the club: "Among those who presided at the initial dinners of the club were Robert Treat Paine and Henderson Inches, class of 1792; Charles Cutter, class of 1793; and Rev. Joseph McKean, L.L.D. of 1794. It is to Mr. McKean that the club owes not only its pig, but its principles."

Clubhouse
The Porcellian clubhouse is located at 1324 Massachusetts Avenue above the store of clothier J. August. The building was designed by the architect and club member William York Peters. Its entrance faces the Harvard freshman dormitories and the entrance to Harvard Yard called the Porcellian, or McKean, Gate. The gate was donated by the club in 1901 and features a limestone carving of a boar's head. Theodore Roosevelt was noted to have brought his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, to eat lunch at the Club while they were undergraduates.

Despite the exclusivity and mystique, some, like National Review columnist/editor, Ronald Reagan speechwriter and Dartmouth emeritus professor of English Jeffrey Hart, have noted the club's modest physical and metaphorical character. Hart (who had never actually been inside the club) wrote:

"…To illustrate, may I invoke Harvard's famous Porcellian, an undergraduate club of extraordinary exclusiveness?…[I]t is devilishly hard to join. But there is nothing there, hardly a club at all. The quarters consist entirely of a large room over a row of stores in Harvard Square. There is a bar, a billiards table and a mirror arranged so that members can sit and view Massachusetts Avenue outside without themselves being seen. That's it…Porcellian is the pinnacle of the Boston idea. Less is more. Zero is a triumph."

A portrait of George Washington Lewis, titled The Steward (Lewis of the Porcellian) by Joseph DeCamp, hangs in the clubhouse. An obituary in Time on April 1, 1929, notes: George Washington Lewis, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, for over 45 years the esteemed Negro steward of the Porcellian Club at Harvard College; in Cambridge, Massachusetts Ancient and most esoteric of Harvard clubs is Porcellian, founded in 1791.* An oil portrait of Steward Lewis hangs in the clubhouse. Steward Lewis had ten Porcellian pallbearers.

Interior
The interior of the then-new clubhouse was described in an 1891 article in the Cambridge Chronicle: The enlargement of the club's library, and the fact of its growing postgraduate or honorary membership roll, compelled it from time to time to enlarge its accommodations. Finally, in 1881, it determined to tear down the old house where it had so long met, on Harvard street and build a new structure its site. The new structure is of brick, handsomely trimmed in stone, and rises to the height of four stories, with about seventy or eighty feet of frontage on Harvard street. Two large stores claim a part of the ground floor, but they do not encroach on the broad and handsome entrance to the club's apartments.

The three upper floors are used exclusively by the club. The first of them contains a large hall which opens both into the front and rear reception rooms and parlors, which, in turn, communicate. From each of these rooms a door leads to the library, which extends through from the front to the rear. On the second floor, in addition to a room over the library, there is a billiard hall in the front and a breakfast room in the rear with the kitchen over the main hall of the floor beneath. Nearly the whole of the top floor is taken up by a large banquet hall, vaulted by handsome rafters.

Historical significance
US President Theodore Roosevelt and other members of the extended Roosevelt family belonged to the Porcellian, but the club did not invite his distant cousin, Harvard sophomore Franklin D. Roosevelt (later a US President), to join. FDR joined the Fly Club instead, along with his roommate, and eventually three of his sons. According to relative Sheffield Cowles, however, FDR, in his late thirties, declared, perhaps hyperbolically, that not being "punched" by the Porc was "the greatest disappointment in his life". Additionally, the young Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. received no invitation to join the Porc; a biographer writes that "For years later, Joe Kennedy remembered the day he didn't make the Porcellian Club, the most desired in his mind, realizing that none of the Catholics he knew at Harvard had been selected".

An 1870 travel book said: A notice of Harvard would be as incomplete without a reference to the Porcellian Club as a notice of Oxford or Cambridge would be in which the Union Debating Society held no place. This and the Hasty Pudding Club… are the two lions of Harvard. The Porcellian Club is hardly a place of resort for those who cultivate the intellect at the expense of the body. The list of active members is small, owing in part to the largeness of the annual subscription. The great desire of every student is to become a member of it…the doings of the club are shrouded in secrecy…All that can be said by a stranger who has been privileged to step behind the scenes is that the mysteries are rites which can be practised without much labor and yield a pleasure which is fraught with no unpleasant consequences.

A telling indication of the position of the Porcellian in the Boston establishment is given by a historian of Boston's Trinity Church, Porcellian member H. H. Richardson's architectural masterpiece. In speculating as to why Richardson was chosen, he writes, "The thirty-four-year-old possessed one great advantage over the other candidates: as a popular Harvard undergraduate he had been a member of several clubs, including the prestigious Porcellian; thus he needed no introduction to the rector, Phillips Brooks, or five of the eleven-man building committee&mdash;they were all fellow Porcellian members".

Membership criteria
A biography of Norman Mailer says that when he was at Harvard, "It would have been unthinkable... for a Jew to be invited to join one of the so-called final clubs like Porcellian, A.D. Club, Fly, or Spee". A history of Harvard notes the decline in Boston Brahmin influence at Harvard during the last quarter of the 1900s, and says "a third of [the presidents of the Final Clubs] were Jewish by 1986 and one was black. The Porcellian... took an occasional Jew and in 1983 (to the horror of some elders) admitted an African-American&mdash;who had gone to St. Paul's".

More recent information on the membership of the Porcellian Club may be found in a 1994 Harvard Crimson article by Joseph Mathews. He writes, "Prep school background, region and legacy status do not appear to be the sole determinants of membership they may once have been, but... they remain factors".

As of 2016, the club only admitted male members and defended "the value of single gender institutions for men and women as a supplement and option to coeducational institutions".

Joseph McKean Gate
In 1901 a gate to Harvard Yard, directly opposite the clubhouse, was erected. According to a notice published in The Harvard Crimson on March 20, 1909: A gate is to be erected at the entrance to the Yard between Wadsworth House and Boylston Hall. It is to be erected by members of the Porcellian Club in memory of Joseph McKean 1794, S.T.D., LL.D. Boylston Professor of Rhetoric, Oratory and Elocution, and also the founder of the Porcellian Club. The gate prominently features the club's symbol, a boar's head, directly above the central arch and is a famous Harvard landmark.

Notable members
According to a note to the obituary of the Club Steward on Monday, April 1, 1929, in Time magazine, "The Porcellian roster includes Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., Poet Oliver Wendell Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Nicholas Longworth, Poet James Russell Lowell, Richard Henry (Two Years Before the Mast) Dana, Novelist Owen Wister, John Jay Chapman." A 1940 Time article said: The Pork had as members James Russell Lowell, the two famed Oliver Wendell Holmeses (the author of Autocrat of the Breakfast Table and the Supreme Court Justice), Owen Wister, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, President Theodore Roosevelt (the Franklin Roosevelts go Fly Club). Among its living members are Massachusetts' Governor Leverett Saltonstall, Congressman Hamilton Fish, Yachtsman Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, Poloist Thomas Hitchcock Jr., U. S. Ambassador to Italy William Phillips, Journalist Joseph Alsop, Richard Whitney, now of Sing Sing Prison, of whom all good Porkies prefer not to speak. The Pork is very much a family affair. Upon its roster, generation after generation, appear the same proud Boston names—Adams, Ames, Amory, Cabot, Gushing, etc Notable members of the Porcellian Club include:
 * Joseph Alsop (1932) – journalist, author of The 168 Days (1938)
 * August Belmont Jr. (1875) – Namesake of Belmont Park and the Belmont Stakes
 * Charles E. Bohlen (1927) – diplomat and ambassador
 * William Astor Chanler (1895) – U.S. Congressman from New York
 * John Jay Chapman (1884, L.L.D. 1887) – author, Emerson and Other Essays, translator of Dante, Sophocles
 * Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis (1829) – associate justice of the US Supreme Court
 * Richard Henry Dana Jr. – author
 * Edward Everett – U.S. Secretary of State, president of Harvard, congressman and senator from Massachusetts, Governor of Massachusetts
 * Hamilton Fish III – college football All-American and congressman from New York (1910)
 * Miles Fisher – film and television actor
 * Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – author, poet, and professor at Harvard Medical School
 * Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. – associate justice of the Supreme Court and professor at Harvard Law School
 * William Henry Fitzhugh Lee (1858) – Major general, Army of Northern Virginia, Confederate States of America
 * Henry Cabot Lodge – Congressman and senator from Massachusetts
 * Dan Sullivan – U.S. senator from Alaska
 * James Russell Lowell – poet
 * Theodore Lyman (1858) – Union officer on George Meade's staff and Congressman from Massachusetts
 * George Gordon Meade (Honorary 1866) – major general in the United States Army. Commander of Union forces at Gettysburg
 * Paul Nitze – Diplomat, Secretary of the Navy, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and co-founder of the School of Advanced International Studies
 * Wendell Phillips – leading abolitionist
 * William Phillips – US ambassador to Italy
 * H. H. Richardson – architect, designer of Trinity Church in Boston
 * President Theodore Roosevelt – President of the United States
 * Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt Jr. – recipient of the Medal of Honor
 * Leverett Saltonstall – United States senator from Massachusetts and Governor of Massachusetts
 * Louis Agassiz Shaw II – Boston socialite; depicted in Robert Lowell's poem "Waking in the Blue" as "Bobbie, Porcellian '29, a replica of Louis XVI without the wig…"
 * Robert Gould Shaw (1856–1859) – colonel of 54th Massachusetts Regiment, first all-volunteer Black regiment in Union Army, Civil War
 * Justice Joseph Story (1795) – associate justice of the Supreme Court
 * Charles Sumner (1830, LLD 1834) – congressman and senator from Massachusetts
 * Benjamin Ogle Tayloe (1814) – Diplomat, and political activist in Washington, D.C. Richard Rush's secretary
 * Edward Thornton Tayloe – diplomat and planter. Selected to be United States Secretary of the Treasury under William Henry Harrison, but Harrison died before he could be confirmed.
 * Henry Constantine Wayne (1834) – Major general of Georgia Militia under Gen. Johnston during Sherman's March to the Sea
 * Richard Whitney (1911) – president of the New York Stock Exchange
 * Cameron Winklevoss (2004) – 2008 Beijing Olympic Crew, brought lawsuit against Facebook with his twin brother and Divya Narendra
 * Tyler Winklevoss (2004) –2008 Beijing Olympic Crew, brought lawsuit against Facebook with his twin brother and Divya Narendra
 * Grenville Lindall Winthrop (1864–1943) – American art collector
 * Owen Wister (1882) – author of the novel The Virginian