Postfunctionalism

Postfunctionalism is a theory of European integration put forward by Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks in 2008, in opposition to the previous two main theories of European integration Neofunctionalism and Intergovernmentalism, as they could not explain critical aspects of European integration such as referenda and European issues becoming a part of national politics.

Postfunctionalism emphasises that the EU has become politicised, and that it is now hard to separate the politics of the EU from that of member states. Hence, the preferences of political parties and national publics now play a crucial role in shaping the EU's politics and integration. Postfunctionalism also puts people's identities at the heart of the debate on European integration, as identifying as European vs. national has a strong correlation with a person's support of the EU and European integration.

In 2019, Hooghe and Marks advocated for a pluralist approach to theories of European integration. On this account, Neofunctionalism, Intergovernmentalism and Postfunctionalism are not competing approaches but rather they provided lenses that discipline our thinking about "the behavior of key actors, the arenas in which they act, and the causal mechanisms that connect their actions to institutional outcomes". Each approach offers a distinct analysis of EU crises where "the Eurocrisis, the migration crisis, Brexit, and illiberalism can be viewed as episodes of intergovernmental bargaining, path-dependent spillovers, and ideological conflict". Rather than test the theories themselves, these theories can be "mined for conflicting hypotheses that can be systematically tested against each other".

==Summary of Hooghe and Marks (2019) Grand Theories of European Integration in the Twenty-First Century ==