Prayer compensation

Prayer compensation (قضاء الصلاة الفائتة) is an Islamic prayer (salat) that is performed to make up for an earlier lost and unfulfilled prayer.

Religious origin
The religious duty to compensate for omitted or forgotten prayers finds its framework of Islamic legislation in the Quranic verses and prophetic hadiths.

This obligation of subsequent fulfillment and compensation is cited in the Quran into the Āyah 14 of Surah Ta-Ha:

This jurisprudential opinion was based on the prophetic hadith narrated by the companion Anas ibn Malik in the Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat, which reads:

Juristic opinion
Making up obligatory prayers (fard) whose legal time (salah times) has passed is obligatory (wajib) immediately, whether the missed is due to an excuse that is not forfeited and canceled for prayer, or it was missed without an originally acceptable excuse, according to the agreement of three of several Imams of the Sunni schools (madhahib) of jurisprudence (fiqh).

It is not permissible to delay making up missed prayers except for an acceptable excuse, such as striving to gain livelihood, studying the knowledge that a Muslim is obligated to do in kind for his person, and the food and sleep necessary to maintain the health and integrity of the body.

And since delaying the prayer until its time (salah times) has ended is a major sin in Islam, the expiation for this misconduct is not only by merely performing the physical compensation of the missed rak'ahs, rather it must be associated with a correct and sincere repentance (tawbah) from this negligence and wasting the obligatory prayer (fard).

Likewise, the sin and debt of the missed prayer does not rise by mere moral repentance without practically performing its rak'ahs, rather it is necessary to actually make up for the obligatory prayer, because one of the conditions of sincere repentance is that there should be a cessation from the sin committed, and the repentant from wasting the prayer without making up for it is considered unquestioned from his great sin.

Missing reasons
Muslim jurists believe that the reasons and excuses that are permissible for delaying prayer beyond its time are sleep, forgetfulness, and negligence from the beginning of the time, even if that results from the shortcomings of the worshiper.

The missed prayers are made up on the part of the person who has no excuses for them to waive them, for example, we find menstruating women and postpartum women do not have to make up what they missed during menstruation and postpartum after their passing, and likewise the case of the insane and the passed out do not make up the missed prayers, and the apostate if he returns to Islam is like the original infidel (kafir) who He does not have to make up for what he missed with the Maliki and Hanafi jurists.