Prayer for the Welfare of the State of Israel

The Prayer for the Welfare of the State of Israel (lit. 'Prayer for the peace of the state'), also known as Avinu Shebashamayim (lit. 'Our father who art in heaven'), is a prayer said in most Jewish denominations in Israel and a lot of denominations in the Jewish Diaspora as part of the prayer service on Shabbat and Jewish holy days. The prayer requests divine providence for the State of Israel and its leaders, and that the exiled Jewish people be gathered in to the Land of Israel.

After its composition in 1948, the prayer quickly became an important part of Jewish and Israeli liturgy. Scholar Yoel Rappel has called its a "religious Declaration of Independence for the State of Israel".

Background
Since as early as the 6th century BCE, Jews have prayed for the welfare of the sovereign and government of the country or state where they lived. The first instance of Jews being instructed to pray for their government is from the prophet Jeremiah in Jeremiah 29:4-7, and it is also mentioned in Pirkei Avot in the Mishnah.

History
Israel declared its independence as a Jewish state on May 14, 1948. Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and the grandfather of Israeli President Isaac Herzog, authored a prayer in tribute to the newly founded state. Rabbi Herzog's friend, the Nobel laureate S. Y. Agnon, then edited the work. The prayer was initially published in Haaretz on September 20, 1948. After its composition, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel approved the prayer's inclusion into the Jewish prayer service.

After the Six Day War in 1967, Israel became an integral part of the organized American Jewish community and the Jewish diaspora. This was reflected by greater incorporation of Israel into the prayer service of the major American Jewish denominations in the form of a prayer for the welfare of Israel.

American cantor Sol Zim composed commonly used rendition of the prayer in 1988, which was popularized by chief cantor of the Israeli Defense Forces Shai Abramson as a tribute to fallen soldiers.

Authorship debate
Immediately after the prayer's publication, there was debate over whether Herzog or Agnon was the true author. Herzog was generally considered the author until a 1983 article in Ma'ariv by scholar David Tamar raised the possibility of Agnon's authorship. However, findings by scholar Yoel Rappel and corroborated by the National Library of Israel in 2018 confirmed Herzog's authorship.

Content
The prayer calls for Jews in the diaspora to return to Israel and commemorates Israel's founding as the beginning of the redemption. The Prayer for the State of Israel has a tune which is often used, and some synagogues sing a different, festive tune on holidays. The congregation stands while the leader reads the prayer, and in some synagogues everyone reads it aloud.

In the prayer, the State of Israel is called "the beginning of the emergence of our redemption". This phrase, and reservations about the secular governance of Israel, are some of the reasons why Haredi Jews in the main do not say this prayer. In practice, the recitation of this prayer, and to a lesser extent the Prayer for the Welfare of the Soldiers of the IDF, has become one of the differences delineating the Haredim from the Religious Zionists.

Cantorial historian Jeremiah Lockwood described the prayer as having "the stylistic feel of musical theater". The prayer is highly sentimental and divided into sections that build in dramatic tension. It is both an appeal to the emotions and a nationalistic Zionist piece. Lockwood writes that Zim's full-length soloist composition is rare among pulpit cantors due to reduced interest by attendees in hearing lengthy cantorial recitatives during services.



Liturgy
Major American Jewish denominations include the Prayer for Israel in their most recent prayer books. The official siddur of the Union for Reform Judaism, Sha'arei Tefillah, first published in 1975, included the prayer for Israel as part of its weekly and holiday services. In 1985, the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism'sSiddur Sim Shalom included the prayer as part of its prayer service. In addition, the Rabbinical Council of America, representing Modern Orthodoxy, includes references to the state of Israel.

Ashkenazi Jews, both in Israel and the Jewish diaspora, recite the prayer on Shabbat and on Jewish holidays. Ashkenazi Jews recite the prayer between the recitation of the haftarah and the returning of the Torah scroll(s) to the Holy Ark.

Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, however, usually recite it at the time when the Torah scroll(s) are taken out of the Ark. At these respective points, it was common practice throughout the years to add various blessings, including the Blessing for the Ruler of the Country. After the establishment of Israel, some synagogues also read a prayer for the welfare of the President of Israel, but this practice has virtually ceased today.

In Israel, the prayer goes before the Torah is returned to the ark. In the diaspora, it is said after the prayer for the respective national government.

Legacy
Other prayers for the state of Israel have been composed, including by Isser Yehuda Unterman, Israel Brodie, Moshe Greenberg, and Simchah Roth, but Herzog's remains the most popular and widely published in Jewish prayer books. Sephardic Jews recite a similar prayer before the Kol Nidre service on Yom Kippur.

The prayer immediately became an important part of Jewish and Israeli liturgy. According to Rappel of Boston University's Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies, the Prayer for the State of Israel is more important than the Israeli Declaration of Independence for many people, especially religious Jews. Rappel has called the prayer a "religious Declaration of Independence for the State of Israel".

Due to the prayer's political significance, it has been affected by politics. During the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005, there were many Jews who changed the prayer to reflect a sense of betrayal by the Israeli government. At times when there have been ill relations between the Religious Zionist community and the government of Israel, particularly during the period between the signing of the Oslo Accords until the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, as well as during the disengagement from Gaza, some refrained from reciting this prayer, or inserted changes which expressed their outrage at the State's leadership. One of the most common changes was to replace the words "...and send Your Light and Your Truth to its leaders, its officers and advisers, and set them aright with Your good counsel" with "stand at its head men of valor, God-fearers, men of truth who hate avarice, and send Your Light and Your Truth upon them."