Principality of Müküs

Principality of Müküs(Kurdish: Mîrîtiya Miks; 1548–1847) was a small Kurdish principality established in 1548, centered in Müküs (modern-day Bahçesaray, Van) after separating from Hakkari Emirate. Operating under the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire, the principality came to an end in 1847 following the defeat of Han Mahmud.

History
In 1548, the principality was established by Abdal Bey after separating from the Hakkari Emirate. Operating under the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire, the principality witnessed frequent conflicts with the Hakkari Emirate. Particularly significant was the occupation of Mukus by Hakkari Emir Imadettin Bey in the 1630s. Despite Ottoman intervention, the situation of Mukus remained uncertain. Throughout this period, the Mukus Principality navigated complex relationships with Ottoman Empire and other Kurdish principalities. In 1829, Han Mahmud rose to power and assumed leadership of the Müküs Principality. By capturing Hosap Castle in 1829, he strengthened his influence and ended the Mahmudi Principality, consolidating his own authority. After seizing control of the Mahmudis, he also took over Van Province and Western Azerbaijan. Reacting against the implementation of Tanzimat reforms in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, Han Mahmud rebelled in 1846, forming an alliance with other Kurdish principalities, including Bedirhan Bey.

End of the Principality
Han Mahmud was defeated in his struggle against Ottoman forces and surrendered in 1847. Along with other Kurdish bey leaders involved in the rebellion, he was exiled to Bulgaria by the Ottomans. This defeat and exile marked the end of the Mukus Principality.

Contribution of the Müküs Principality to Kurdish Culture
Feqiyê Teyran was born in the Müküs Principality and is considered one of the greatest poets of Kurdish literature. The Müküs Principality, his birthplace, is known as an important center of Kurdish culture and literature. Teyran's works stand among the pinnacle of Kurdish literature and have deeply influenced Kurdish literary tradition.