Psora

Psora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Psoraceae. Members of the genus are commonly called fishscale lichens. Lichens in the genus Psora generally have a squamulose thallus and anthraquinones in the hymenium. partners of Psora lichens include members of the green algal genera Asterochloris, Chloroidium, Myrmecia, and Trebouxia.

Taxonomy
The genus Psora was first validly published in 1796 by the German lichenologist Georg Franz Hoffmann. His of the genus was brief: Crusta effigurata. Scutellae marginatae, convexae. "Crust patterned. Scutellae (small shields) bordered, convex.") He included 26 species in the genus.

Description
Genus Psora comprises lichens recognised for their relatively large, thick, which are the leaf-like structures making up the lichen's body. These squamules, ranging in colour from yellow to red-brown and typically measuring between 2 and 6 mm in diameter, are notable for their absence of a prothallus, which is an initial growth phase seen in some lichens. The upper cortex of these lichens is thick and well-developed, while the lower cortex may be poorly developed or entirely absent. Instead of a lower cortex, Psora species often anchor themselves with a well-developed network of fungal hyphae, which can either lack calcium oxalate crystals and have a brown pigmentation or be colourless, shorter, and densely covered in these crystals.

The symbiotic partner of Psora, the, is , meaning it consists of spherical green algae, forming a continuous layer. The medulla, the innermost layer of the lichen, is well-developed but does not contain iodine-reactive substances (I–).

Reproductive structures, known as apothecia, are (attached directly by their base), and can be found along the margins or on the surface  of the squamules. These structures are typically brown-black, starting flat or slightly convex in their youth, and may become highly convex or semi-spherical as they mature, occasionally with a white or yellow powdery coating. Unlike some lichens, Psora does not have a around its apothecia. The, a ring of hyphae surrounding the apothecial , is colourless to pale brown and often becomes obscured as the apothecia mature.

The, the topmost layer inside the apothecia, is red-brown or brown and contains anthraquinones compounds, such as parietin, which react red or purple-red when treated with a potassium hydroxide solution (K+), but do not react with a nitric acid solution (N–). The hymenium, another internal layer, also does not react to iodine (I–). The beneath it is pale brown to colourless and filled with calcium oxalate crystals.

Psora's supporting filamentous structures, or paraphyses, are unbranched or sparingly branched and tightly bound together, with slightly swollen tips. The asci, the spore-bearing cells, are (club-shaped) with eight spores each and have a distinctive blue reaction when stained with iodine, indicative of the Porpidia-type asci without an ocular chamber. Ascospores are colourless, smooth, ellipsoidal, and lack a septum or a thick outer layer. The genus also produces pycnidia, a type of asexual reproductive structure, which are immersed within the squamules and release elongate- (rod-shaped), colourless conidia.

Chemically, Psora has a range of compounds including depsides, depsidones, anthraquinones, various acids such as pulvinic and usnic acids, and triterpenes.

Species
, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 16 species of Psora. Although nearly 400 names have been published in this genus, most of these have been reduced to synonymy, transferred to other genera, or are older names that have not been examined with molecular methods.
 * Psora altotibetica Timdal, Obermayer & Bendiksby (2016)
 * Psora brunneocarpa Timdal (2002)
 * Psora crenata (Taylor) Reinke (1895)
 * Psora crystallifera (Taylor) Müll.Arg. (1888)
 * Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. (1794)
 * Psora globifera (Ach.) A.Massal. (1852)
 * Psora hyporubescens Timdal (2002)
 * Psora icterica (Mont.) Müll.Arg. (1888)
 * Psora indigirkae Timdal & Zhurb. (2004)
 * Psora peninsularis Timdal (2002)
 * Psora pruinosa Timdal (2002)
 * Psora rubiformis (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Hook. (1833)
 * Psora taurensis Timdal, Bendiksby, Kahraman & Halıcı (2017)
 * Psora testacea Hoffm. (1790)