Puinave language

Puinave, Waipunavi (Guaipunabi) or Wanse (Wã́nsöjöt [ˈw̃ã́nsɤhɤt ]; ) is an indigenous language of Colombia and Venezuela. It is generally considered to be a language isolate.

Demographics
There are about 6,800 people in 32 communities along the banks of the Inírida River in Guainía Department, Colombia. Additionally, there are 470 people in 10 communities along the Orinoco River, in the Colombia–Venezuela border region.

Other names for the language include Camaku del Guaviare or Camaku del Inírida.

Varieties
Varieties listed by Mason (1950):


 * Puinave
 * Puinave (Epined)
 * Western: Bravos, Guaripa
 * Eastern: Mansos
 * Macú
 * Macú
 * Tikié
 * Kerarí
 * Papurí
 * Nadöbo

Alternate names of Puinave are Puinabe, Puinavis, Uaipunabis, Guaipunavos, Uaipis.

Classification
Puinave is sometimes linked to other poorly attested languages of the region in various Macro-Puinavean proposals, but no good evidence has ever been produced. The original motivation seems to simply be that all of these languages were called Maku "babble" by Arawakans. Ongoing work on Puinave by Girón Higuita at the University of Amsterdam will hopefully clarify the situation.

Vowels
Syllable structure is (C)V(C); nasal syllabic nuclei cause allophonic variation of consonantal segments in the same syllable. The phonemes have oral, non-sonorant allophones  in the onsets of syllables with oral nuclei.

The high vowel, when occurring in onset or coda position, is realized as a glide. When the high vowel is in coda position, it is also realized as a  glide, but in onset position, it is realized as a palatal stop matching in nasality with the nucleus, either  or , in the same way that  match the following vowel's nasality. Any glides occurring before or  occurring after a nasalized nucleus are also realized as nasal.

Tone
Puinave distinguishes four surface (phonetic) tones: two simple (H and L) and two contour (HL and LH); these are analyzed as being composed of two phonemic tone values, H and L. Girón Higuita and Wetzels (2007) note that speakers seem to associate H with prominence, rather than increased duration or intensity (the typical correlates of prominence in languages like English).

Morphology and syntax
Jesús Mario Girón's description of the morphology and the function of nominalized constructions in this language can be found in The Linguistics of Endangered Languages (edited by Leo Wetzels).