Push and pull factors in migration

Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.

Push

 * Not enough jobs or opportunities
 * Famine or drought
 * Political fear of persecution
 * Poor medical care
 * Loss of wealth
 * Natural disasters
 * Death threats
 * Desire for more political or religious freedom
 * Pollution
 * Poor housing
 * Bullying
 * Discrimination
 * Poor chances of marrying
 * Contamination
 * War
 * Sickness

Pull

 * Job opportunities
 * Higher Benefits
 * Better living conditions
 * Having more political or religious freedom
 * Enjoyment
 * Education
 * Better medical care
 * Attractive climates
 * Security
 * Family links
 * Better chances of marrying

Criticism
Sociology professor Hein de Haas has criticized the push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.