Putra of Perlis

Tuanku Sir Syed Harun Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail (Jawi: توانكو سر سيد هارون ڤوترا ابن المرحوم سيد حسن جمل الليل; 25 November 1920 – 16 April 2000) was the Raja of Perlis from 1945 until his death in 2000, and the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), from 1960 to 1965.

Early career
Putra was born in Arau and was the son of Syed Hassan bin Syed Mahmud Jamalullail (1897 – 18 October 1935), sometime bakal raja or heir presumptive to the throne of Perlis, by his commoner wife Wan Teh binti Wan Endut (1898 – 27 December 1952). He was educated at the Arau Malay School and later at Penang Free School between 1937 and 1939. At 18, he joined the Perlis administrative service, becoming a magistrate and in 1940, was transferred to Kuala Lumpur to serve as Second Magistrate in the Criminal Court.

Perlis succession dispute
The fourth Raja of Perlis, Syed Alwi ibni Syed Safi Jamalullail (born 1881; (r. 1905 – 1943)) was childless and had several half-brothers competing for the role of heir presumptive. Succession to the Perlisian throne was not automatic and an heir presumptive had to be confirmed in that post by the State Council comprising the raja and several others.

Syed Putra's paternal grandfather Syed Mahmud (died 1919), was the oldest son of Raja Syed Safi ibni Almarhum Syed Alwi Jamalullail (the third Raja). He was also a half brother of Raja Syed Alwi. He served as raja muda until 1912 when he was convicted and jailed in Alor Star, Kedah until 1917. Two years later, he died in Alor Star. On 6 December 1934, Syed Mahmud's son Syed Hassan was, by a three to one vote, selected by the State Council as bakal raja or heir presumptive. However, Syed Hassan died on 18 October 1935.

On 30 April 1938, again by a three to one vote, the State Council chose Syed Putra (son of Syed Hassan) as the bakal raja. This choice was opposed by Syed Hamzah, the younger half-brother of Raja Syed Alwi and Vice-President of the State Council on the grounds that Syed Putra was too far removed from the throne under Islamic inheritance laws (primogeniture did not then apply in Perlis). However, the British colonial rulers supported Syed Putra.

Japanese occupation
At the outbreak of the Pacific War, Raja Syed Alwi retreated to Kuala Kangsar, Perak. He returned to Perlis on 28 December 1941 but was already very ill and state affairs were exercised by Syed Hamzah. Syed Putra was at the time serving in the judiciary in Kuala Lumpur and had been advised by Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor to remain there. In May 1942, Syed Hamzah persuaded Raja Syed Alwi to withdraw Syed Putra's appointment as bakal raja and instead Syed Hamzah himself was appointed to that post. Raja Syed Alwi died in Arau on 1 February 1943 and a day later, before the funeral, Syed Hamzah was proclaimed fifth Raja of Perlis, by the consent of the Japanese Military Governor of Kedah and Perlis.

Syed Putra and his family stayed in Klang until 15 May 1942 when he returned to Perlis. He lived in a hut near the Arau railway station and received a monthly allowance of $90 from Raja Syed Alwi but this ceased on the latter's death. On 29 March 1945 he left for Kelantan, the home state of his consort Tengku Budriah, where he sold cakes and sundry goods for a living.

Return of the British
The British Military Administration (BMA) under Lord Mountbatten refused to recognise Syed Hamzah as Raja. On 18 September 1945, Syed Hamzah abdicated. He went into exile in Thailand and died in Arau on 20 February 1958.

On 4 December 1945 the British proclaimed Syed Putra as sixth Raja of Perlis. He returned to Perlis from Kelantan, via Padang Besar. He was installed on 12 March 1949.

Malayan Union
Raja Syed Putra objected to the Malayan Union treaty on the grounds that it contravened the 1930 British-Perlis Treaty giving governing power to the raja-in-council. However, his protests that he signed under duress was rejected by the British. Subsequently, like all other Malay rulers, Raja Syed Putra refused the Malayan Union treaty.

Election as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Raja Syed Putra was elected Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong by the Malay rulers and served in that office from 14 April 1960 until the death of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah on 1 September 1960.

Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Raja Syed Putra was elected as the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya and served in that office from 21 September 1960. At 39 years and 301 days, he is the youngest Yang di-Pertuan Agong ever elected. He was installed at the Istana Negara on 4 January 1961. On 16 September 1963 Malaya, British Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore unified into the Federation of Malaysia. He completed his term in office on 20 September 1965. His son, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was elected as the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong and served from 2001 to 2006 after the death of the incumbent, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah.

Raja Syed Putra's term of office as Yang di-Pertuan Agong was marked by the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation between newly created Malaysia and its larger neighbour, Indonesia. He offered to stay on as Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the end of his term, to see out the end of confrontation, but this suggestion was rejected by Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman.

As Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he instructed proper treatment of the royal regalia, which he believed was partly responsible for the mysterious illness and death of Sultan Hisamuddin of Selangor, his immediate predecessor.

Later role
Raja Syed Putra became the doyen of the Malay rulers, giving advice to more junior rulers especially during the constitutional crisis with the Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in 1983 and 1993.

Death
He died at the National Heart Institute, Kuala Lumpur on 16 April 2000 from a heart attack. At that time, he was the longest reigning monarch in the world, a position he inherited from Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein in 1989. He was buried at the Royal Mausoleum in Arau, Perlis.

Family life
Tuanku Syed Putra married twice:
 * 1) in 1941 to Tengku Budriah binti Tengku Ismail (1924–2008) of the Patani Sultanate in Thailand. She served as his consort with the title of Raja Perempuan of Perlis and as Raja Permaisuri Agong. She is the mother of the current Raja of Perlis, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin as well as five sons and five daughters.
 * 2) in 1952 to Che Puan Mariam (née Riam Pessayanavin; 23 April 1923–1986) by whom he had three sons and one daughter. She was a Thai Muslim from Bangkok and Miss Siam in 1939.

Awards and recognitions
He has been awarded:

Honours of Perlis

 * Perlis:
 * [[File:MY-PERL Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DK)
 * [[File:MY-PERL Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail - Knight Grand Companion - SSSJ.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Companion (Dato' Sri Setia) of the Most Esteemed Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (4.12.1995) - SSPJ
 * MY-PERL_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Perlis_-_Knight_Grand_Commander_-_SPMP.svg Knight Grand Commander (Dato' Sri Paduka) of the Most Illustrious Order of the Crown of Perlis (= the Star of Safi) - SPMP

Malaysian Honours

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia (as Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1960–1965):
 * MY Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia - Royal Family Order of Malaysia - DKM.svg Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Malaysia - DKM (1966, after reign)
 * MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg Grand Master (1960-1965) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Grand Commander (SMN) and Grand Master (1960-1965) of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
 * MY Panglima Setia Diraja - Order of the Royal Household - PSD.svg Founding Grand Master (3–20 September 1965) of the Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia
 * Malaya:
 * MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (31 August 1958)
 * Johor:
 * Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I)
 * Kedah:
 * MY-KED Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK).svg Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK)
 * Kelantan:
 * MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK)
 * Negeri Sembilan:
 * MY-NEG Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan - DKNS.svg Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS)
 * Pahang:
 * MY-PAH Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang - DK I.svg Member 1st class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK I) (24 October 1980)
 * Perak:
 * MY-PERA_Royal_Family_Order_of_Perak_-_DK_(before_2001).svg Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Perak (DK) (1985)
 * Selangor:
 * MY-SEL Royal Family Order of Selangor - DK I.svg First Class of the Royal Family Order of Selangor (DK I) (1970)
 * Terengganu:
 * MY-TER Family Order of Terengganu 1st class - DK I.svg First Class Member of the Royal Family Order of Terengganu (DK I)
 * Sabah:
 * MY-SAB_Order_of_Kinabalu_-_SPDK.svg Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) - Datuk Seri Panglima (1971)
 * Sarawak:
 * [[File:MY-SAR Order of the Star of the Hornbill (Bintang Kenyalang) - 1. Knight Grand Commander (DP).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) - Datuk Patinggi

Foreign Honours

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom:
 * UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) (1948)
 * Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
 * UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – Sir (1956)
 * Brunei:
 * BRU_Royal_Family_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Brunei.svg Recipient of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB) (24 September 1958)
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia:
 * KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (21 December 1962)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt:
 * EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile (17 April 1965)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan:
 * JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (15 June 1964)
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan:
 * JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (24 April 1965)
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan:
 * Order_of_Pakistan.png 1st class of the Nishan-e-Pakistan (28 December 1961)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines:
 * PHI_Order_of_Sikatuna_2003_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna (GCS) (10 February 1961)
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia:
 * Decoration without ribbon - en.svg Collar of the Order of the Badr Chain (3 April 1965)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand:
 * Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (20 June 1962)

Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
 * Jalan Syed Putra, a stretch of the Federal Highway (Federal Route 2) between the old Kuala Lumpur railway station and Mid Valley Megamall.
 * Tuanku Syed Putra Mosque in Kangar, Perlis
 * SMS Tuanku Syed Putra in Kangar, Perlis
 * Tuanku Syed Putra Stadium in Kangar, Perlis
 * Kompleks Sukan Tuanku Syed Putra in Kangar, Perlis
 * Dewan Tuanku Syed Putra, MRSM Beseri, Perlis
 * SK Putra, a primary school in Kangar, Perlis
 * Bangunan Tuanku Syed Putra in Penang
 * Dewan Tuanku Syed Putra, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang
 * Jambatan Tuanku Syed Putra in Kuala Perlis, Perlis
 * Persiaran Syed Putra in Kuala Lumpur
 * Kem Syed Putra, a military camp in Ipoh, Perak
 * Tuanku Syed Putra Football Cup
 * Tuanku Syed Putra Junior International Tennis Championship