Qingyuan Circuit

Qingyuan Circuit was a de facto independent entity and circuit late in China's Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, renamed to Pinghai Circuit (平海軍) in 964. It was an office created in 949 by Southern Tang's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao, who nominally submitted to him but virtually controlled Quan Prefecture (泉州, comprising modern Quanzhou, Xiamen and Putian) and Zhang Prefecture (漳州, comprising modern Zhangzhou, Xinluo and Zhangping). Prefectures in de facto independence from the Southern Tang state. (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture (南州). Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, the Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to the Song, which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal suzerain.

After demise of Congxiao, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi, who was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin. Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over. In 978, with Song's determination to unify China proper without the pre-ceded sixteen prefectures in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong, ending the circuit as a de facto independent entity.

Rulers

 * Liu Congxiao 949–962 (in control of Quan Prefecture since 946, in de facto independence since 947)
 * Liu Shaozi 962
 * Zhang Hansi 962–963
 * Chen Hongjin 963–978