Queen Charlotte Islands caribou

The Dawson's caribou, also known as the Queen Charlotte Islands caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni) was a population of woodland caribou that once lived on Graham Island, the largest of the islands within the Haida Gwaii archipelago, located off the coast of British Columbia, Canada.

Discovery
The Haida Gwaii archipelago has been inhabited by indigenous people for thousands of years. Despite this, it is not reported that the indigenous population had much, if any, knowledge of the caribou, likely due to the two inhabiting different parts of Graham Island. The first known written record of the Dawson's caribou came from George Mercer Dawson, a member of the Geological Survey of Canada, who mentioned the animal in a 1878 report on the islands, initially mistaking it for a type of elk. Dawson eventually brought news of the caribou to Ernest Thompson Seton, an author and wildlife artist, who officially described the animal in 1900 and named it in Dawson's honour.

Appearance
The subject of the coat colour of the Dawson's caribou is a matter of some contention. While often described as pale with few to no markings, which would be typical of an insular ungulate, this description is likely based on aged museum skins, as the remains of recently killed individuals photographed in 1908 appear darker in colour.

The Dawson's caribou is also described as smaller than its mainland counterpart, which is likely due to insular dwarfism, another trait common in insular ungulates.

Some sources report both sexes as having antlers, while others state females were antlerless. In both cases, the antlers themselves are described as reduced in size, in comparison to mainland caribou, and remarkably abnormal in shape.

Ecology
The Dawson's caribou was the largest herbivorous land mammal native to the Haida Gwaii archipelago. They were said to only be found on the plateau around Virago Sound, located in the north of the island, inhabiting muskegs and open woodland.

The only carnivore the caribou would have had to contend with would have been the Haida Gwaii black bear, which still survives on the islands today.

Genetics
Once thought to represent a unique subspecies of woodland caribou, a 2002 study that analysed mtDNA found Dawson's caribou to not be genetically distinct from the subspecies on the Canadian mainland.

Extirpation
Given the small size and isolation of the Dawson's caribou population, even minor changes in their environment could have presented considerable pressure to their continued survival.

The introduction of black-tailed deer to Graham Island took place on multiple occasions between 1878 and 1925, and could have potentially played a role in the caribou's demise through competition for resources and the spread of disease. Clearcutting was occurring on the island around this time as well, and along with providing further feeding opportunities for the introduced black-tailed deer, which in turn helped bolster their numbers, it is possible the destruction of woodland negatively affected the caribou directly via habitat loss.

Dawson's caribou were hunted by both indigenous people and European settlers for their pelts, as part of the fur trade, which presented another threat to the population.

The last definite sighting of a live Dawson's caribou occurred on November 1, 1908, when a small group was observed, this included a pair of adult bulls, one cow and a calf. The animals showed little fear and stood quite still. One by one, except for the calf, all three animals were shot and killed. The orphaned calf meanwhile, was spared in the same year, but without the care of its parents, it died soon after. Their remains, one of which represents the only mounted specimen known to exist, now reside in the collection of the Royal BC Museum in Victoria.

While caribou tracks were discovered as recently as 1935, the exact age of the hoof prints is not known, and it is likely the population was fully extirpated by the end of the decade, if not earlier.