R-27 (air-to-air missile)

The Vympel R-27 (NATO reporting name AA-10 Alamo) is a family of air-to-air missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the late Cold War-era. It remains in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, air forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States and air forces of many other countries as the standard medium-range air-to-air missile despite the development of the more advanced R-77.

The R-27 is manufactured in infrared-homing (R-27T, R-27ET), semi-active radar homing (R-27R, R-27ER), and active-radar homing (R-27EA) versions. R-27 family missiles are produced by both Russian and Ukrainian manufacturers. The R-27 missile is carried by the Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 family fighters. The R-27 missile is also license-produced in China, though the production license was bought from Ukraine instead of Russia.

Variants

 * R-27R: AA-10 Alamo-A, semi-active radar homing. Missile can be used at 20-25,000 m altitude (launch platform or target). Effective kill range for a target at same altitude: 2-42.5 km head-on, 0.7-7.5 km tail-on. Maximum range: 73 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation between target and launch platform: +/− 10 km.
 * R-27R1: Export model of the R-27R. The missile has a maximum range of 75 km with 39 kg warhead.
 * R-27T: AA-10 Alamo-B, infrared homing, passive homing using the Avtomatika 9B-1032 (PRGS-27) IR seeker head. Missile can be used at 20-25000 m altitude. Effective kill range for a target at same altitude: 2-33 km head-on, 0-5.5 km tail-on. Maximum range: 63 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation: +/− 10 km.
 * R-27T1: Export model of the R-27T. The missile has a maximum range of 80 km with 39 kg warhead.
 * R-27ER: AA-10 Alamo-C, the semi-active-radar homing extended-range version. Missile can be used at 20-27000 m altitude. Effective kill range for a target at same altitude: 2-65.5 km head-on, 0.7-16.5 km tail-on. Missile cannot be fired at altitude less than 3 km against a target with background earth, if launch range is less than 6 km. Maximum range: 117 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation: 12 km.
 * R-27ER1: Export model of the R-27ER. The missile has a maximum range of 100 km with 39 kg warhead.
 * R-27ET: AA-10 Alamo-D, the infrared-homing extended-range version, Weight 348 kg. Missile can be used at 20-27000 m altitude. Effective kill range: 2-52.5 km head-on, 0.7-12.5 km tail-on. Maximum range: 104 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation: 12 km.
 * R-27ET1: Export model of the R-27ET. The missile has a maximum range of 80 km with 39 kg warhead.

R-27R and ER variants can be used in any meteorological conditions. Launch can made at less than 5 g overload and less than 50 deg/s roll rate. It is allowed to redesignate targets during flight, and can share target illumination with other aircraft.

R-27T and ET variants can be used out of cloudiness, at least 15 degrees away from the bearing of sun, and 4 degrees away from the bearing of moon and ground-based heat-contrasting conditions. In cases of maximum head-on range launches where lock-command cannot be utilized, missile can not be fired. Seeker must acquire target before launch. On the combat operations section of the Su-27 manual, this is especially recommended for head-on usage for passive attacks at targets with 0 degrees approach angle (i.e. another fighter moving to intercept), leaving target unalerted to the incoming missile. Launch can be made at 0 to 7 g, but limited to 6 g if roll induced slip is more than 2× diameter of the ball.

Other variants:
 * R-27P AA-10 Alamo-E, passive radiation homing with a range of up to 72 km.
 * R-27EP AA-10 Alamo-F, a longer range passive anti-radiation missile with a range of up to 110 km.
 * R-27EA, active radar homing with 9B-1103K active seeker, range of >130 km.
 * R-27EM, active radar homing with 9B-1103K active seeker, range of >170 km.

Ethiopia and Eritrea
In the 1999 Eritrean-Ethiopian War, Eritrean MiG-29s fought Ethiopian Su-27s both piloted by Russian mercenaries. Only one R-27 fired by an Ethiopian Su-27 at an Eritrean MiG-29 proximity-fuzed near enough the MiG that the damaged aircraft eventually crashed on landing.

Russia and Ukraine
During the war in Donbas, the Ukrainian Air Force claimed that one of its Su-25 was shot down by a Russian Aerospace Forces MiG-29 using a R-27T on 16 July 2014. Russian officials denied any involvement.

The R-27 was used by both sides during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Yemen
During the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Houthis have used R-27T missiles modified to serve as surface to air missiles. A video released on January 7, 2018, also shows a modified R-27T hitting a Saudi led coalition fighter on a Forward looking infrared camera. Houthi sources claim to have downed a F-15. Rebels later released footage showing an aircraft wreck, however serial numbers on the wreckage suggested that the downed aircraft was a Panavia Tornado, also operated by Saudi forces. On January 8, the Saudi Press Agency admitted the loss of an aircraft over Yemen, though it did not clarify whether it was a Tornado or an F-15, blaming the crash to 'a technical issue' and reporting that the pilots ejected and were recovered by friendly forces.

On 21 March 2018, Houthi rebels released a video where they hit and possibly shot down a Saudi F-15 in Saada province. In the video a R-27T air to air missile adapted for surface to air use was launched, appearing to have successfully hit a jet. As in the video of the previous similar hit recorded on 8 January, the target, while clearly hit, did not appear to be downed. Saudi forces confirmed the hit, while saying the jet safely landed at a Saudi base. Saudi official sources confirmed the incident reporting that it happened at 3:48 pm local time after a surface-to-air defense missile was launched at the fighter jet from inside Saada airport.

Current operators

 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]

Former operators

 * 🇸🇰 (all given to Ukraine in March/April 2023)
 * (all given to West German Air Force in 1990)
 * 🇩🇪 (all given to the Polish Air Force with MiG-29s in 2004)
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * (passed on to successor states except 🇱🇹 Lithuania, 🇱🇻 Latvia and 🇪🇪 Estonia)
 * //Serbia and Montenegro
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * (passed on to successor states except 🇱🇹 Lithuania, 🇱🇻 Latvia and 🇪🇪 Estonia)
 * //Serbia and Montenegro
 * //Serbia and Montenegro