R36 (New York City Subway car)

The R36 was a New York City Subway car model built by the St. Louis Car Company from 1963 to 1964. The cars are a "follow-up" or supplemental stock to the A Division's R33s, which some of the cars closely resemble. A total of 424 cars were built, arranged in pairs. The order includes World's Fair cars comprising 390 cars, and Main Line cars comprising 34 cars.

The R36s entered service on October 24, 1963, and were overhauled in the mid-1980s. They were retired by 2003 with the delivery of the R142 and R142A cars. While most cars were reefed, some have been preserved, and others have been retained for other purposes.

Description
The R36s were numbered 9346–9769. They were the last entirely LAHT bodied (non-stainless steel) cars built for the New York City Subway.

Cars 9346–9523 and 9558–9769 were specifically purchased for service on the IRT Flushing Line ( and trains), which was the closest line to the 1964 New York World's Fair. The cars were also referred to as "World's Fair" cars, or R36WFs (R36 World's Fair), and featured three-piece curved "picture" windows, unlike other IRT cars at the time. While in regular service, five two-car consists of these cars were coupled to one single R33S car to make 11-car trains for the and  routes.

Cars 9524–9557 were purchased for service on all other IRT routes. The cars were also referred to as "Main Line" cars, or R36MLs (R36 Main Line) to distinguish them from the "World's Fair" cars. They were built from unfinished car body shells of the R33 order, and therefore featured sported drop-sash side windows.

Although the R36s were later referred to as Redbirds, the cars were originally painted in different schemes when they were delivered. The "World's Fair" cars were painted in a light blue turquoise "Bluebird" scheme, while the "Main Line" cars were painted bright red like the R33s. These color schemes were used until 1977, when the cars were painted in the silver/blue MTA livery. Then, they were painted in a full white (roof, bonnets, and sides were all painted white) "anti-graffiti" scheme from 1981 to 1982 to combat graffiti; since the white paint was a Teflon-based paint, the graffiti did not stick to it very well. The look was abandoned for the famous "Redbird" style, which was applied onto the cars when they were rebuilt.

Early history
In 1962, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) ordered 430 cars for the train. This route would run to the World's Fair grounds in Flushing Meadows in Queens. The first 40 cars were singles (R33S), with the rest being R36 cars; single cars were needed since the service runs 11-car trains, and R36 cars were built only in pairs.

The first R36 cars ("World's Fair" cars 9558–9561) arrived in fall 1963, shortly after the R33S cars began arriving in September that year. The first train of R33S and "World's Fair" R36 cars was placed in service on the route on October 24, 1963. With the fair opening approaching on April 12, 1964, "World's Fair" R36 cars were built and delivered in larger quantities that fall. More "World's Fair" cars arrived throughout 1964, enough to displace the R12s, R14s, and R15s from the train by the close of 1964.

The "Main Line" R36s entered service on the almost a year later, on July 24, 1964. The cars were first assigned to the, , and until February 16, 1966, when they were moved to the.

Late 1960s–Mid 1980s
The "Main Line" R36s stayed on the until October 1968, when cars 9530–9539 were moved to the  and. When the GE R12s were sent to the (Third Avenue elevated line) in August 1969, the remaining cars assigned to the  were moved to the  and  to join the rest of the "Main Line" cars assigned there.

In April 1972, "Main Line" R36 pairs 9524–9525, 9532–9533, 9536–9537, 9540–9541, 9544–9545, and 9548–9549 were moved to the, with Westinghouse "World's Fair" pairs 9376–9377, 9408–9409, 9418–9419, 9474–9475, 9496–9497, and 9516–9517 being moved to the and. The swap was reversed in May 1973, when the "Main Line" pairs returned to the and, and the Westinghouse "World's Fair" pairs returned to the.

On October 22, 1976, Westinghouse "World's Fair" R36s 9504–9523 were moved from the to the  and  to supplement the "Main Line" cars.

From June 2, 1978, to May 1979, Westinghouse "World's Fair" R36s 9494–9503 were assigned to the train. Those cars were also used on the and  in February 1979.

On April 27, 1981, "Main Line" R36s 9548–9557 were moved from the and  to the  to relieve a car shortage on the line. The cars returned to their home lines on August 17, 1981.

On January 10, 1983, Westinghouse "World's Fair" R36s 9504–9523 and the "Main Line" R36s were removed from the, and those were only assigned to the. Those cars stayed on the until June 20, 1984, when Westinghouse "World's Fair" and "Main Line" cars 9514–9533 were moved to the. The remaining Westinghouse "World's Fair" R36s assigned to the were then moved to the  on July 5, 1984. Then, the last "Main Line" cars assigned to the were also moved to the  on February 15, 1985, and the R36s were assigned exclusively to the, except from April 1985 to early May 1985, when "Main Line" cars 9534–9557, and "World's Fair" GE cars 9558–9593 were all assigned to the.

Rebuilding
Though all cars were originally delivered without air conditioning, all cars in this series gradually received air conditioning as part of a retrofitting program to replace the cars' original Axiflow ceiling fans. The program started in 1976, and by 1982, all cars had received air conditioning as part of the program.

The "World's Fair" R36s were the first cars to be rebuilt in the NYCTA's General Overhaul Program (GOH) in the 1980s. This program improved car life by rebuilding older cars and keeping other cars in a state of good repair. A trial rebuild program was done on selected Westinghouse R36 cars in 1981–83; the selected cars were rebuilt by Morrison–Knudsen in Hornell, New York. Beginning in late 1984, the other R36 cars were rebuilt at a rate of 200 cars per year, with the majority of them done in-house at the Coney Island Shop. Others were rebuilt by General Electric in Buffalo, New York, and by Amtrak at its Beech Grove, Indiana, and Wilmington, Delaware shops. The last remaining cars were sent out for rebuild in late 1985, and by 1986, all cars were back in service.

After rebuilding, the R36 cars were repainted in a scheme involving a deep maroon red body, black front bonnets and anti-climbers, and a silver roof prior to returning to service. At first, the scheme was known as "Silver Fox", "Broad Street Red", or "Gunn Red" (after NYCT chief David L. Gunn) and was a graffiti-resistant red. By 1989, the Gunn Red would evolve into the "Redbirds" scheme best known to many New Yorkers, with beige interiors, red exterior paint and interior doors and black, and silver exterior trim along with the car windows, roof, and undersides.

Starting in late 1992, R36 cars 9558–9769 underwent another overhaul to improve their reliability that involved some cosmetic improvements, extensive rewiring, and the installment of donor cam control group and braking systems that were salvaged from the retiring R30 cars. As the R36s were among the first group of subway cars to undergo a trial refurbishment before the General Overhaul (GOH) program began in 1985, there were some oversights and shortcomings that occurred before the GOH program took place which were essentially corrected by this second overhaul.

In 1999, the R36 cars were the most reliable in the NYCT fleet, with a Mean Distance Between Failure (MDBF) rate of 194,150 miles, despite being 35 years old at the time. While in decent shape mechanically, rust holes and car body corrosion were beginning to form in the sides of most of the cars.

From December 1987 until July 2001,  "World's Fair" cars 9478–9523 usually ran on the  train based at Westchester Yard in the Bronx. Previously, some Westinghouse-equipped cars had been assigned to the and  trains in the late 1960s–early 1980s. The "Main Line" cars usually ran on the from February 1984 to December 1987, and was transferred to the  from December 1987 to June 2001, when they were returned to the.

Retirement
In 1996, the New York City Transit Authority announced their plans to phase out the Redbirds with the R142 and R142A fleets.

From February 2001 to July 2001,  as R142As entered service on the, the "Main Line" R36s were transferred over to the. While the Redbirds on the IRT Main Line were retired starting in early 2001, the service was still provided by R33S cars and R36s. In January 2002, a set of R62As arrived from the IRT mainline. As more R142s and R142As were delivered, R62As were gradually transferred from the and  to the, in turn replacing the R33S cars and R36s. The last "Main Line" R36 pair, 9542–9543, made its final trip on the on May 16, 2003. The last train of "World's Fair" R36s, consisting of pairs 9564–9565, 9616–9617, 9582–9583, 9584–9585, and 9586–9587, finally ran along the on November 3, 2003, with R33S car 9309, marking not only the end of the Redbird cars, but also the end of non-stainless steel cars on the subway.

Most of the Redbirds (1,294) were stripped and then submerged off the coast of Delaware, New Jersey, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia as an artificial barrier and diving reefs, by Weeks Marine.

Several R36 cars were saved for various purposes throughout the New York City Subway system. The full list includes:
 * "Main Line" pair 9542–9543 – preserved by the New York Transit Museum in Brooklyn since 2004. This pair was restored to operational status and made its first run on the Train of Many Colors in November 2023.
 * "World's Fair" pair 9586–9587 – also preserved by the New York Transit Museum in Brooklyn. These cars were stored for many years until being moved to the Concourse Yard in summer 2013. In September 2013, the pair was moved to 207th Street Yard and restored to operating status. The cars were initially displayed at the transit museum and finally participated on their first fan trip on June 8, 2014, on the route, as part of the Train of Many Colors.

"World's Fair" pairs 9582–9583 and 9584–9585 also remain on MTA property. They were transferred to the Unionport Yard along with pair 9586–9587. Pair 9582–9583 was found to have structural issues and was sidelined, while pair 9584–9585 was used on the rail adhesion train until 2019. Plans are unknown for these cars.

In addition to these cars, other cars were also stored around the system. "World's Fair" pair 9400–9401 was stored at the Corona Yard for preservation; however, the cars were never used and were scrapped on October 7, 2013. "World's Fair" pair 9564–9565 was set aside and transferred to Coney Island Yard in December 2004; car 9564 was planned to be repurposed into a visitor center at Queens Borough Hall in Kew Gardens, Queens, and the car 9565 was planned to be preserved in a museum in West Babylon, New York. However, R33 9075 was used at Queens Borough Hall instead of 9564, and 9565 never made it to the proposed museum; the cars were subsequently reefed in 2008. "World's Fair" pair 9588–9589 was stored at the Concourse Yard until 2008, when the pair was reefed.

In culture
Eight WH-powered "World's Fair" cars (9356–57, 9360–61, 9394–95, 9412–13) and two GE-powered cars (9712–13), in addition to one R33S (9327), were wrapped and painted in New York Mets colors on October 24, 2000, prior to Game 3 of the 2000 World Series between the Yankees and Mets.

In addition, the "World's Fair" cars have made cameo roles in various TV shows and movies. Nicolas Cage rides a train of "World's Fair" R36s in It Could Happen to You (1994). In the 1988 movie Cocktail, Tom Cruise gets off car 9700 at Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue station.