RPG-7

The RPG-7 (РПГ-7, Ручной Противотанковый Гранатомёт) is a portable, reusable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank, rocket launcher. The RPG-7 and its predecessor, the RPG-2, were designed by the Soviet Union, and are now manufactured by the Russian company Bazalt. The weapon has the GRAU index (Russian armed forces index) 6G3.

The ruggedness, simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness of the RPG-7 has made it the most widely used anti-armor weapon in the world. Currently around 40 countries use the weapon; it is manufactured in several variants by nine countries. It is popular with irregular and guerrilla forces.

Widely produced, the most commonly seen major variations are the RPG-7D (десантник – desantnik – paratrooper) model, which can be broken into two parts for easier carrying; and the lighter Chinese Type 69 RPG. DIO of Iran manufactures RPG-7s with olive green handguards, H&K pistol grips, and a commando variant.

The RPG-7 was first delivered to the Soviet Army in 1961 and deployed at the squad level. It replaced the RPG-2, having clearly out-performed the intermediate RPG-4 design during testing. The current model produced by the Russian Federation is the RPG-7V2, capable of firing standard and dual high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds, high explosive/fragmentation, and thermobaric warheads, with a UP-7V sighting device fitted (used in tandem with the standard 2.7× PGO-7 optical sight) to allow the use of extended range ammunition. The RPG-7D3 is the equivalent paratrooper model. Both the RPG-7V2 and RPG-7D3 were adopted by the Russian Ground Forces in 2001.

Description
The launcher is reloadable and based around a steel tube, 40 mm in diameter, 950 mm long, and weighing 7 kg. The middle of the tube is wood wrapped to protect the user from heat and the end is flared. Sighting is usually optical with a back-up iron sight, and passive infrared and night sights are also available. The launchers designated RPG-7N1 and RPG-7DN1 can thus mount the multi-purpose night vision scope 1PN51 and the launchers designated RPG-7N2 and RPG-7DN2 can mount the multi-purpose night vision scope 1PN58.

As with similar weapons, the grenade protrudes from the launch tubes. It is 40-105 mm in diameter and weighs between 2 kg and 4.5 kg. It is launched by a gunpowder booster charge, giving it an initial speed of 115 m/s, and creating a cloud of light grey-blue smoke that can give away the position of the shooter. The rocket motor ignites after 10 m and sustains flight out to 500 m at a maximum velocity of 295 m/s. The grenade is stabilized by two sets of fins that deploy in-flight: one large set on the stabilizer pipe to maintain direction and a smaller rear set to induce rotation. The grenade can fly up to 1100 m; the fuze sets the maximum range, usually 920 m.

Propulsion system
According to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Bulletin 3u (1977) Soviet RPG-7 Antitank Grenade Launcher—Capabilities and Countermeasures, the RPG-7 munition has two sections: a "booster" section and a "warhead and sustainer motor" section. These must be assembled into the ready-to-use grenade. The booster consists of a "small strip powder charge" that serves to propel the grenade out of the launcher; the sustainer motor then ignites and propels the grenade for the next few seconds, giving it a top speed of 294 m/s. The TRADOC bulletin provides anecdotal commentary that the RPG-7 has been fired from within buildings, which agrees with the two-stage design. It is stated that only a 2 m standoff to a rear obstruction is needed for use inside rooms or fortifications. The fins not only provide drag stabilization, but are designed to impart a slow rotation to the grenade.

Due to the configuration of the RPG-7 sustainer/warhead section, it responds counter-intuitively to crosswinds. A crosswind will tend to exert pressure on the stabilizing fins, causing the projectile to turn into the wind (see Weathervane effect). While the rocket motor is still burning, this will cause the flight path to curve into the wind. The TRADOC bulletin explains aiming difficulties for more distant moving targets in crosswinds at some length.

Ammunition
[[File:PG-7V of RPG7 sect.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Inside of an RPG's three sections.

I) The head contains 1. trigger

2. conductive cone

3. aerodynamic fairing

4. conical liner

5. body

6. explosive

7. conductor

8. detonator II) The rocket motor consists of 1. nozzle block

2. nozzle

3. motor body

4. propellant

5. motor rear

6. ignition primer III) The booster charge includes 1. fin

2. cartridge

3. charge

4. turbine

5. tracer

6. foam wad]] The RPG-7 can fire a variety of warheads for anti-armor (HEAT, PG-Protivotankovaya Granata) or anti-personnel (HE, OG-Oskolochnaya Granata) purposes, usually fitting with an impact (PIBD) and a 4.5 second fuze. Armor penetration is warhead dependent and ranges from 300-600 mm of RHA; one warhead, the PG-7VR, is a 'tandem charge' device, used to defeat reactive armor with a single shot. The Russian Ministry of Defense said in December 2023 that it has modified the RPG-7V grenade launcher in order to shoot 82-mm mines.

Current production ammunition for the RPG-7V2 consists of four main types:
 * PG-7VL [c.1977] – improved 93 mm HEAT warhead effective against most vehicles and fortified targets.
 * PG-7VR [c.1988] – tandem charge warhead designed to penetrate up to 750 mm rolled homogeneous armour equivalence of explosive reactive armor and the conventional armor underneath. It has a range of 200 m.
 * TBG-7V Tanin [c.1988] – 105 mm thermobaric warhead for anti-personnel and urban warfare.
 * OG-7V [c.1999] – 40 mm fragmentation warhead for anti-personnel warfare. Has no sustainer motor.

Other warhead variants include:
 * PG-7V [c.1961] – baseline 85 mm HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 260 mm RHA.
 * PG-7VM [c.1969] – improved 70 mm HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 300 mm RHA.
 * PG-7VS [c.1972] – improved 73 mm HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 400 mm RHA.
 * PG-7VS1 [c.mid-1970s] – cheaper PG-7VS version capable of penetrating 360 mm RHA.
 * GSh-7VT [c.2013] – anti-bunker warhead with cylindrical follow-through blast-fragmentation munition followed by explosively formed penetrator.
 * OGi-7MA [unknown] – anti-personnel fragmentation munition developed for the Bulgarian ATGL-L. improved equivalent to the Soviet OG-7V. Compatible with RPG-7.

Specifications
Manufacturer specifications for the RPG-7V1.

Hit probabilities
A 1976 U.S. Army evaluation of the weapon gave the hit probabilities on a 5x2.5 m panel moving sideways at 4 m/s. Crosswinds cause additional issues as the round steers into the wind; in an 11 km/h wind, firing at a stationary tank sized target, the gunner cannot expect to get a first-round hit more than 50% of the time at 180 m.

History of use
The RPG-7 was first used in 1967 by Egypt during the Six-Day War, and by the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, but it did not see widespread usage in Vietnam until the following year.

The RPG-7 was used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 2005, most notably in Lurgan, County Armagh, where it was used against British Army observation posts and the towering military base at Kitchen Hill in the town. The IRA also used them in Catholic areas of West Belfast against British Army armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and Army forward operating bases (FOBs). Beechmount Avenue in Belfast became known as "RPG Avenue" after attacks on British troops.

In Mogadishu, Somalia, RPG-7s were used to down two U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopters in 1993.

During the first and second Chechen wars, Chechens used RPG-7 which they had captured from Soviet bases and used them against Russian armored columns. During the first war, Russians may have lost 100 tanks and 250 armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) in Grozny. The Chechens were able to knock out T-72s with three or four RPG-7 hits. Against T-72s with explosive reactive armor, the Chechens fired an RPG in close range (within 50 m) to detonate the armor and then followed this with RPG hits on the now exposed point of the tank, also from close range. The RPG-7 was also effective against AFVs, buildings and personnel.

The PG-7VR has been used by Iraqi insurgents. On 28 August 2003, it achieved a mobility kill against an American M1 Abrams hitting the left side hull next to the forward section of the engine compartment.

During the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), several M1A2 Abrams were temporarily disabled by RPG-7 hits.

Users



 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * Artsakh
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * : Chinese Type 69 RPG variant used by Bangladesh Army.
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus
 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Produced locally by Arsenal Corporation as ATGL-L.
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 🇨🇳 China: Type 69 reverse-engineered copy.
 * Congo-Brazzaville
 * Congo-Kinshasa
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt: Locally produced without license as PG-7 by the Sakr Factory for Developed Industries.
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * Georgia: Modified version "RPG-7D" locally produced by STC Delta.
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * 🇬🇾 Guyana
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 🇮🇷 Iran Produced locally as Sageg.
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq Produced locally as Al-Nassira from the 1980s by Ba'athist Iraq.
 * 🇮🇱 Israel: Large stocks held as secondary ATW. Rounds produced locally.
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia: Used by both the Liberian Army and guerrilla factions in the Liberian Civil War.
 * 🇱🇾 Libya (used by both sides in the Libyan Civil War)
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Bulgarian ATGL-L versions are purchased and used since the early 2000s
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova:
 * Transnistria
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique: Non state-users.
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar: MA-10 RPG made by Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries.
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria: Produced under license by the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan: Used by the Pakistan Army and paramilitary forces. RPG-7V version made under license by Pakistan Machine Tool Factory.
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: The army has three different variants: 250 ATGL-L2 from Bulgaria, 30 Type 69 from China, and 744 RPG-7V2 from Russia.
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Produced RPG-7 and RPG-7W variants.
 * 🇷🇴 Romania: Produced locally by SC Carfil SA from Brașov as AG-7 (Romanian: Aruncătorul de Grenade 7, Grenade Launcher 7).
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Used by the Polisario Front.
 * 🇸🇹 Sao Tome and Principe
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia: Made by PPT Namenska.
 * 🇸🇨 Seychelles
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: South African National Defence Force.
 * 🇸🇸 South Sudan: South Sudan Democratic Movement, Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, South Sudan Defence Forces, Sudan People's Liberation Army used RPG-7, Type 69s and Iranian-made RPGs.
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan: Made by Military Industry Corporation as the Sinar.
 * 🇸🇷 Suriname: Used by the Military of Suriname.
 * Syria
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan:
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan:
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine:
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan: Produced locally.
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * Vietnam: Locally produced and designated as RPG7V-VN. Also popularly recognized under the designation B-41.
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

Non-state users

 * ISIL
 * Taliban
 * Hezbollah
 * Syrian opposition
 * Houthi movement
 * Flag of the Ulster Volunteer Force.svg Ulster Volunteer Force
 * New Irish Republican Army
 * Qassam Brigades
 * Al-Quds Brigades

Former users

 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania

1960s

 * Vietnam War (1955–1975): First used in 1967.
 * Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)
 * Six Day War (1967)

1970s

 * Yom Kippur War (1973)
 * Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)
 * Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
 * Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
 * Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)
 * Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)

1980s

 * Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)
 * Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
 * Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
 * Nicaraguan civil war (1980-1990)

1990s

 * Gulf War (1990–1991)
 * Somali Civil War (1991–present)
 * First Chechen War (1994–1996)
 * Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000)
 * Second Chechen War (1999–2009)

2000s

 * War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
 * Iraq War (2003–2011)

2010s

 * Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
 * First Libyan Civil War (2011)
 * Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)
 * War in Iraq (2013–2017)
 * South Sudanese Civil War (2013–2020)
 * Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)
 * Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)

2020s

 * Tigray War (2020–2022)
 * Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–ongoing)
 * War in Amhara (2023–ongoing)
 * Israel–Hamas war (2023-ongoing)