Radical of an ideal

In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal $$I$$ of a commutative ring is another ideal defined by the property that an element $$x$$ is in the radical if and only if some power of $$x$$ is in $$I$$. Taking the radical of an ideal is called radicalization. A radical ideal (or semiprime ideal) is an ideal that is equal to its radical. The radical of a primary ideal is a prime ideal.

This concept is generalized to non-commutative rings in the semiprime ring article.

Definition
The radical of an ideal $$I$$ in a commutative ring $$R$$, denoted by $$\operatorname{rad}(I)$$ or $$\sqrt{I}$$, is defined as
 * $$\sqrt{I} = \left\{r\in R \mid r^n\in I\ \hbox{for some}\ n \in \Z^{+}\!\right\},$$

(note that $$I \subseteq \sqrt{I}$$). Intuitively, $$\sqrt{I}$$ is obtained by taking all roots of elements of $$I$$ within the ring $$R$$. Equivalently, $$\sqrt{I}$$ is the preimage of the ideal of nilpotent elements (the nilradical) of the quotient ring $$R/I$$ (via the natural map $$\pi\colon R\to R/I$$). The latter proves that $$\sqrt{I}$$ is an ideal.

If the radical of $$I$$ is finitely generated, then some power of $$\sqrt{I}$$ is contained in $$I$$. In particular, if $$I$$ and $$J$$ are ideals of a Noetherian ring, then $$I$$ and $$J$$ have the same radical if and only if $$I$$ contains some power of $$J$$ and $$J$$ contains some power of $$I$$.

If an ideal $$I$$ coincides with its own radical, then $$I$$ is called a radical ideal or semiprime ideal.

Examples

 * Consider the ring $$\Z$$ of integers.
 * The radical of the ideal $$4\Z$$ of integer multiples of $$4$$ is $$2\Z$$ (the evens).
 * The radical of $$5\Z$$ is $$5\Z$$.
 * The radical of $$12\Z$$ is $$6\Z$$.
 * In general, the radical of $$m\Z$$ is $$r\Z$$, where $$r$$ is the product of all distinct prime factors of $$m$$, the largest square-free factor of $$m$$ (see Radical of an integer). In fact, this generalizes to an arbitrary ideal (see the Properties section).
 * Consider the ideal $$I = \left(y^4\right) \subseteq \Complex[x,y]$$. It is trivial to show $$\sqrt{I}=(y)$$ (using the basic property but we give some alternative methods: The radical $$\sqrt{I}$$ corresponds to the nilradical $$\sqrt{0}$$ of the quotient ring $$R = \Complex[x,y]/\!\left(y^4\right)$$, which is the intersection of all prime ideals of the quotient ring. This is contained in the Jacobson radical, which is the intersection of all maximal ideals, which are the kernels of homomorphisms to fields. Any ring homomorphism $$R \to \Complex$$ must have $$y$$ in the kernel in order to have a well-defined homomorphism (if we said, for example, that the kernel should be $$(x,y-1)$$ the composition of $$\Complex[x,y] \to R \to \Complex$$ would be $$\left(x, y^4, y-1\right)$$, which is the same as trying to force $$1=0$$). Since $$\Complex$$ is algebraically closed, every homomorphism $$R \to \mathbb{F}$$ must factor through $$\Complex$$, so we only have to compute the intersection of $$\{\ker(\Phi) : \Phi \in \operatorname{Hom}(R,\Complex) \}$$ to compute the radical of $$(0).$$ We then find that $$\sqrt{0} = (y) \subseteq R.$$

Properties
This section will continue the convention that I is an ideal of a commutative ring $$R$$:

\quad {\overset{u}{\rightleftharpoons}} \quad \left\lbrace\text{ideals }J\mid J\subseteq R/I\right\rbrace,$$ defined by $$u \colon J\mapsto J/I=\lbrace r+I\mid r\in J\rbrace.$$
 * It is always true that $\sqrt{\sqrt{I}} = \sqrt{I}$, i.e. radicalization is an idempotent operation. Moreover, $$\sqrt{I}$$ is the smallest radical ideal containing $$I$$.
 * $$\sqrt{I}$$ is the intersection of all the prime ideals of $$R$$ that contain $$I$$$$\sqrt{I}=\bigcap_{\stackrel{\mathfrak{p}\text{ prime}}{R\supsetneq\mathfrak{p}\supseteq I}}\mathfrak{p},$$and thus the radical of a prime ideal is equal to itself. Proof: On one hand, every prime ideal is radical, and so this intersection contains $$\sqrt{I}$$. Suppose $$r$$ is an element of $$R$$ that is not in $$\sqrt{I}$$, and let $$S$$ be the set $$\left\{r^n \mid n = 0, 1, 2, \ldots \right\}$$. By the definition of $$\sqrt{I}$$, $$S$$ must be disjoint from $$I$$. $$S$$ is also multiplicatively closed. Thus, by a variant of Krull's theorem, there exists a prime ideal $$\mathfrak{p}$$ that contains $$I$$ and is still disjoint from $$S$$ (see Prime ideal). Since $$\mathfrak{p}$$ contains $$I$$, but not $$r$$, this shows that $$r$$ is not in the intersection of prime ideals containing $$I$$. This finishes the proof. The statement may be strengthened a bit: the radical of $$I$$ is the intersection of all prime ideals of $$R$$ that are minimal among those containing $$I$$.
 * Specializing the last point, the nilradical (the set of all nilpotent elements) is equal to the intersection of all prime ideals of $$R$$ $$\sqrt{0} = \mathfrak{N}_R = \bigcap_{\mathfrak{p}\subsetneq R\text{ prime}}\mathfrak{p}.$$This property is seen to be equivalent to the former via the natural map $$\pi\colon R\to R/I$$, which yields a bijection $$u$$: $$\left\lbrace\text{ideals }J\mid R\supseteq J\supseteq I\right\rbrace
 * An ideal $$I$$ in a ring $$R$$ is radical if and only if the quotient ring $$R/I$$ is reduced.
 * The radical of a homogeneous ideal is homogeneous.
 * The radical of an intersection of ideals is equal to the intersection of their radicals: $$ \sqrt{I \cap J} = \sqrt{I} \cap \sqrt{J}$$.
 * The radical of a primary ideal is prime. If the radical of an ideal $$I$$ is maximal, then $$I$$ is primary.
 * If $$I$$ is an ideal, $$\sqrt{I^n} = \sqrt{I}$$. Since prime ideals are radical ideals, $$\sqrt{\mathfrak{p}^n} = \mathfrak{p}$$ for any prime ideal $$\mathfrak{p}$$.
 * Let $$I,J$$ be ideals of a ring $$R$$. If $$\sqrt{I}, \sqrt{J}$$ are comaximal, then $$I, J$$ are comaximal.
 * Let $$M$$ be a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring $$R$$. Then $$\sqrt{\operatorname{ann}_R(M)} = \bigcap_{\mathfrak{p} \,\in\, \operatorname{supp}M} \mathfrak{p} = \bigcap_{\mathfrak{p} \,\in\, \operatorname{ass}M} \mathfrak{p}$$ where $$\operatorname{supp}M$$ is the support of $$M$$ and $$\operatorname{ass}M$$ is the set of associated primes of $$M$$.

Applications
The primary motivation in studying radicals is Hilbert's Nullstellensatz in commutative algebra. One version of this celebrated theorem states that for any ideal $$J$$ in the polynomial ring $$\mathbb{k}[x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n]$$ over an algebraically closed field $$\mathbb{k}$$, one has
 * $$\operatorname{I}(\operatorname{V}(J)) = \sqrt{J}$$

where
 * $$\operatorname{V}(J) = \left\{x \in \mathbb{k}^n \mid f(x)=0 \mbox{ for all } f \in J\right\}$$

and
 * $$\operatorname{I}(V) = \{f \in \mathbb{k}[x_1, x_2,\ldots x_n] \mid f(x)=0 \mbox{ for all } x \in V \}.$$

Geometrically, this says that if a variety $$V$$ is cut out by the polynomial equations $$f_1=0,\ldots,f_r=0$$, then the only other polynomials that vanish on $$V$$ are those in the radical of the ideal $$(f_1,\ldots,f_r)$$.

Another way of putting it: the composition $$\operatorname{I}(\operatorname{V}(-))=\sqrt{-}$$ is a closure operator on the set of ideals of a ring.