Rainbow Six (novel)

Rainbow Six is a techno-thriller novel written by Tom Clancy and released on August 3, 1998. It is the second book to primarily focus on John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the Ryanverse, after Without Remorse (1993); it also features his son-in-law, Domingo "Ding" Chavez. Rainbow Six follows "Rainbow", a secret international counterterrorist organization headed by Clark (codenamed "Rainbow Six"), and the complex apocalyptic conspiracy they unravel after handling multiple seemingly random terrorist attacks.

The novel debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the action scenes and suspense but criticized the writing of some characters and its unrealistic plot. It also received some backlash from the environmental movement for its negative depiction of radical environmentalism. The novel's sequel, The Bear and the Dragon, was released in 2000.

Rainbow Six was adapted into a video game, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six, which was developed by Red Storm Entertainment in tandem with the novel and released later that August to critical and commercial success, spawning a highly successful series of video games currently owned by Ubisoft. A film adaptation, set to be the sequel to the 2021 film adaptation of Without Remorse, was announced in 2017 and was confirmed to be directed by Chad Stahelski in 2023, with an unannounced release date.

Plot
Formerly state-sponsored terrorist groups go rogue after the end of the Cold War, while international terrorism in general begins to rise. To combat this, CIA operative John Clark forms a top-secret international counterterrorist organization known as Rainbow. Based in Hereford, England, Rainbow consists of two operational squad-sized teams of elite special forces soldiers from NATO countries, supplemented by intelligence and technology experts from the FBI, MI6, and Mossad. Clark serves as Rainbow's commanding officer (callsign "Rainbow Six"), SAS officer Alistair Stanley serves as their second-in-command, and Clark's son-in-law Domingo Chavez leads Team-2.

In their first deployment, Team-2 rescues hostages during a bank robbery in Bern, Switzerland. Several weeks later, they are deployed to Austria, where German left-wing terrorists have taken over the schloss of a wealthy Austrian businessman to obtain (nonexistent) "special access codes" to the international trading markets. They are later deployed to the Worldpark amusement park in Spain, where Basque revolutionaries have taken a group of children hostage and demand that various prisoners, including Carlos the Jackal, be released. Clark and his colleagues become suspicious about the sudden rise in terrorist attacks. Unbeknownst to them, the attacks are part of an intricate plan to wipe out nearly all of humanity, codenamed "the Project". Dr. John Brightling, a staunch radical environmentalist who heads a biotechnology firm called the Horizon Corporation, ordered the attacks through ex-KGB officer Dmitriy Popov to raise concerns of terrorism, allowing co-conspirator Bill Henriksen's security firm Global Security to land a key contract for the Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. Henriksen would then ensure the release of "Shiva"—a manmade Ebola biological agent more deadly than the one that spread a year prior, developed by Horizon and tested on kidnapped human test subjects—through the fog-cooling system of Stadium Australia, infecting everyone present, who would spread Shiva when they return to their home countries. The resulting pandemic would kill countless people, during which Horizon would distribute a "vaccine"—actually a slow-acting version of Shiva—ensuring the deaths of the rest of the world's population. Brightling's "chosen few", having been provided with the real vaccine, would then inherit the emptied world, justifying their genocidal actions as "saving the world" from the environmentally-destructive nature of humanity.

Popov discovers the existence of Rainbow as he reviews the "police tactical teams" (actually Rainbow in disguise) that responded to his attacks, and brings it to Brightling's attention. Brightling and Henriksen order Popov to orchestrate an attack on Rainbow to prevent them from being deployed to the Sydney Olympics. Popov persuades a drug-dealing Provisional Irish Republican Army splinter group to attack a hospital near Rainbow's base and capture Clark and Chavez's wives, who work there as a nurse and a doctor respectively. When Rainbow arrives, a team of IRA militants ambush them, killing two Team-1 troopers and injuring several others, including Stanley. Despite sustaining their first-ever losses, Rainbow manages to repel the ambush, retake the hospital without further casualties, and capture some of the militants. Using trickery to interrogate the captured militants, Clark and Chavez learn of Popov's involvement, while Brightling evacuates Popov to Horizon's OLYMPUS facility in Kansas.

However, this turns out to be a fatal miscalculation: Popov was unaware of the genocidal plans of his employers, but the people at OLYMPUS talk openly about them. Learning the truth about the Project, Popov, appalled by what he had unknowingly assisted, escapes OLYMPUS, and reveals his knowledge to Clark and the FBI, who were already investigating the kidnappings of the Shiva test subjects. Popov's warning comes just in time for Chavez and Team-2, who were deployed to the Olympics to oversee security, to thwart Shiva's release at the last minute. Their plans in shambles, Brightling and the remaining Project members flee to a smaller Horizon base in the Amazon rainforest near Manaus, Brazil. Clark personally leads Rainbow to the base, where they kill the guards, disable communications, demolish the buildings, and round up the remaining Project members. Knowing there is insufficient evidence to convict them and that they would just restart their plans if freed, Clark instead has the survivors stripped naked and left to fend for themselves in the jungle, taunting them to "reconnect with nature".

Six months later, Chavez reads news articles about Popov (who was pardoned in exchange for his information) discovering a gold deposit on a Project member's former property, and Horizon's revolutionary medical breakthroughs under new management. Chavez asks if the Project members survived; Clark informs him that no human activity has been detected in the area since, and remarks that nature does not distinguish between friends and enemies. Wondering who humanity's natural enemy must be, Chavez determines it must be humanity itself.

Executive and support branches

 * John Clark: Commander of Rainbow (codename Rainbow Six)
 * Alistair Stanley: Deputy Commander (codename Rainbow Five)
 * Bill Tawney: Head of the intelligence section, former MI6 intelligence analyst
 * Dr. Paul Bellow: Resident psychologist specializing in criminal psychology, FBI agent
 * Tim Noonan: Resident tactical electronics and surveillance specialist, FBI special agent
 * David Peled: Technical staff lead, Mossad agent
 * Sam Bennett: Communications officer, U.S. Air Force major
 * Daniel "Bear" Malloy: Pilot of Rainbow's MH-60K Night Hawk helicopter, U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant colonel
 * Harrison: Malloy's co-pilot, U.S. Air Force first lieutenant, former 1st Special Operations Wing pilot
 * Jack Nance: Mallow and Harrison's helicopter crew chief, Royal Air Force sergeant
 * Dave Woods: Firing range instructor, British colour sergeant
 * Alice Foorgate and Helen Montgomery: Executive secretaries
 * Katherine Moony: Secretary

Team-1

 * Major Peter Covington: Team-1 commander, SAS member
 * Miguel "Mike" Chin: Former U.S. Navy SEAL, Master Chief Machinist's Mate
 * Mortimer "Sam" Houston: Sniper-observer
 * Fred "Freddy" Franklin: Rifle 1-2, former U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit instructor and Ranger at Fort Benning
 * Geoff Bates: Former British SAS member

Team-2

 * Domingo "Ding" Chavez: Team-2 commander, former CIA Special Activities Division member, Clark's son-in-law, and former Army Special Operations soldier.
 * Eddie Price: Deputy Commander, Senior member, former SAS sergeant major, pipe smoker
 * Julio "Oso" Vega: HWO, former Delta Force member
 * Louis Loiselle: Specialist, Former DGSE member
 * George Tomlinson: Assault, Former Delta Force member
 * Mike Pierce: Assault, Former 82nd Airborne Division member
 * Steve Lincoln: Assault, Former Delta Force member
 * Scotty McTyler: Assault, Former SAS member
 * Hank Patterson: Assault, Former Delta Force member
 * Paddy Connolly: Demolitions, Former SAS member
 * Homer Johnston: Sniper, Rifle 2-1, former Delta Force member
 * Dieter Weber: Sniper, Rifle 2-2, former GSG 9 Feldwebel

Horizon Corporation and the Project

 * John Brightling: Billionaire, chairman of Horizon Corporation, mastermind of the Project
 * Bill Henriksen: Security consultant, head of Global Security, former FBI agent and Hostage Rescue Team member
 * Carol Brightling: Science Advisor to the President, "former" wife of John Brightling (their divorce is a ruse used to safeguard her position, which enables her to pass secrets to Horizon)
 * John Killgore: Senior research scientist involved in testing the Shiva virus
 * Barbara Archer: Researcher involved in testing the Shiva virus
 * Kirk Maclean: Researcher tasked with kidnapping homeless men and single women in New York City to be used as Shiva test subjects; also a member of the Sierra Club
 * Steve Berg: Researcher tasked with developing the vaccine to Shiva
 * Lani Palacheck: Researcher working under John Killgore, on Shiva transmission study
 * Mark Waterhouse: Recruiter for Brightling's "chosen few" (radical environmentalists who share the Project's ideals)
 * Foster Hunnicutt: Survivalist, member of Brightling's "chosen few"
 * Kevin Mayflower: Hardline president of the Sierra Club environmental organisation, member of Brightling's "chosen few"
 * Wilson Gearing: Former U.S. Army Chemical Corps lieutenant colonel, tasked with releasing Shiva at the Olympics
 * David Dawson: Chief of security at the OLYMPUS base, ex-US Army
 * Benjamin Farmer: Ex-Marine, security guard for Horizon
 * Dick Voss: Former Army Sergeant Major at Fort Bragg (Special Operations Training Centre), works for Global Security

Other characters

 * Dmitriy Arkadyevich Popov: Former KGB operations officer working for Brightling; also uses the aliases "Iosef Serov" and "Joseph Andrews"
 * Sandra "Sandy" Clark: John Clark's wife, nurse
 * Patricia "Patsy" Clark-Chavez: John Clark's daughter and Domingo Chavez's wife, MD
 * Ernst Model: Sociopathic former Red Army Faction member who leads the botched bank robbery in Bern
 * Hans Fürchtner: Left-wing terrorist, recruited by Popov to take over the schloss of a wealthy Austrian businessman
 * Petra Dortmund: Left-wing terrorist, Fürchtner's longtime partner
 * Erwin Ostermann: Austrian financier taken hostage by Fürchtner and Dortmund at his schloss
 * Andre Herr: Former Action Directe member leading the terrorists during the hostage situation at Worldpark
 * Sean Grady: Provisional IRA cell commander who leads the attack on the Hereford hospital
 * Tom Sullivan: FBI agent based in New York investigating Bannister's disappearance
 * Frank Chatham: FBI agent, Sullivan's partner
 * Ed Foley: Director of Central Intelligence
 * Mary Pat Foley: CIA Deputy Director for Operations
 * Mary Bannister: Shiva test subject who manages to message her father, alerting the FBI

Themes
Rainbow Six explores the issue of radical environmentalism. According to Marc Cerasini's essay on the novel, the philosophy of the antagonists are considered as an extreme form of naturalism, based on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view that society's functions corrupt mankind and that "a natural or primitive state is actually morally superior to civilization". The novel shares elements found in James Bond movies: a biological weapon being used to end or rather cull the human race, mad scientists plotting world domination, and high-tech secret bases hidden from civilization. Clancy makes the plot relevant and morally ambiguous by incorporating motivations similar to those of real-life radical ecocentric environmentalists and deep ecologists, such as Pentti Linkola and Paul R. Ehrlich, rather than blanket hunger for power and brash misanthropic resentment. In several regards, critics have noted similarities in the population control regard to the later-released Kingsman: The Secret Service and Dan Brown's Inferno, as well as those of Thanos in Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame.

Development
The concept of Rainbow Six was conceived from a discussion between Clancy and Doug Littlejohns, a former Royal Navy submarine commander and CEO of Red Storm Entertainment, a video game development company co-founded by Clancy in 1996. Their discussion occurred during a Red Storm company outing in Colonial Williamsburg, when Littlejohns suggested a strategy shooter game based on the FBI Hostage Rescue Team. When Clancy mentioned that he was writing a novel about a hostage rescue team, their conversation led to Littlejohns noting the protracted diplomatic delays in authorizing a foreign counterterrorist unit's deployment overseas, and he suggested the concept of a permanent counterterrorist unit that already had authorization to deploy internationally. The name "Rainbow" came from the term "Rainbow nation", a term coined by Desmond Tutu to describe post-apartheid South Africa under Nelson Mandela's presidency. "Six" came from the American rank code for captain (O-6); though Clark would more accurately be described as a major general (O-8) in the novel, "Rainbow Six" read better than "Rainbow Eight". The strategy shooter game Littlejohns suggested was eventually developed into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six.

Reception
The book received mixed reviews. Entertainment Weekly praised the novel's "sprawling, Bondesque plot" as well as its action scenes that are "vivid and cinematic—and notably lacking in the clichés and B-movie tone of his dialogue". Publishers Weekly  also hailed the scenes as "immensely suspenseful, breathtaking combos of expertly detailed combat and primal emotion".

Criticism focused on flat characters and the implausibility of the plot. A review from Orlando Sentinel stated: "Clancy may have crossed the line into the realm of the unbelievable...I suspect even some of his most rabid fans will shake their heads at parts of this novel." Entertainment Weekly also noted that "some of [Clancy's] secondary characters have a flat, dime-novel feel". Canadian environmentalist Paul Watson condemned the book as "a vicious defamation of the Environmentalist Movement, embodying, amplifying and packaging all the worst stereotypes and prejudices."

Video game
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six was released on August 21, 1998, about two weeks after the release of the novel. It was developed alongside the novel and bases its plot on an early manuscript of the story. The game was developed by Red Storm Entertainment (which was co-founded by Clancy in 1996) based on their preexisting concept of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team in an international setting. Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six was a commercial success for Red Storm and spawned a number of sequels, now developed by Ubisoft. It revolutionized the first-person shooter genre by forcing the player to think tactically and realistically in every mission, unlike the arcade-style shooters of the time.

Film adaptation
The film rights to the novel were brought to Paramount Pictures by Michael Ovitz through his Artists Management Group in March 1999, with writer Jonathan Hensleigh in talks to pen the screenplay adaptation, and Ovitz attached as producer. Other screenwriters including Michael Schiffer, Bill Wisher, Art Monterastelli, Frank Cappello, and John Enbom had all worked on the script at various stages. Directors such as John Woo and Zack Snyder had previously been attached to direct.

In July 2017, Paramount Pictures announced plans to make a film adaptation of the novel with Akiva Goldsman as producer, and a new draft penned by Josh Appelbaum & André Nemec. Ryan Reynolds was reported to be in early talks to play John Clark. In September 2018, Michael B. Jordan was announced to be playing John Clark in a two-part film series, with Rainbow Six as the intended sequel to Without Remorse. In January 2023, the Rainbow Six film was confirmed to be directed by Chad Stahelski, with Michael B. Jordan reprising his role as Clark.

Release details

 * 1998, U.S., G. P. Putnam's Sons ISBN 0-399-14390-4, Pub date August 3, 1998, hardcover
 * 1998, U.K., Michael Joseph Ltd ISBN 0-7181-4336-1, Pub date August 27, 1998, hardback
 * 1998, U.S., Putnam Publishing Group ISBN 0-399-14413-7, Pub date August 1998, hardcover (Limited Edition)
 * 1998, U.S., Demco Media ISBN 0-606-17207-6, Pub date September 1998, unbound
 * 1998, U.S., Random House ISBN 0-375-70324-1, Pub date August 1998, paperback (Large Type Edition)
 * 1999, U.S., Berkley Publishing Group ISBN 0-425-17005-5, Pub date September 1999, paperback
 * 1999, U.S., Berkley Publishing Group ISBN 0-425-17034-9, Pub date September 1999, mass market paperback