Rakhshān Banietemad

Rakhshān Banietemad (born April 3, 1954, in Tehran, Iran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian film director and screenwriter who is widely considered a premier female director and her films have been praised at international festivals as well as being popular with Iranian critics and audiences. Her title as "First Lady of Iranian Cinema" is not only a reference to her prominence as a filmmaker, but also connotes her social role of merging politics and family in her work. Her signature style is that she focuses on a character representing a part of society to explore it while staying objectively neutral. The first period of Banietemad's cinematic activity originates from dark humor. Still, in the second period of her work, dark humor gives way to serious and influential films, and deeper and broader issues are addressed. Banietemad has a more realistic view of life.

She excels in representing contemporary situations, often about the changing roles of women but also covering a broad spectrum of social issues, including war, poverty, domestic abuse, and class mobility. Banietemad's characters embody a sense of nostalgia in that women like Tooba (Golab Adineh), Nobar (Fatemah Motamed-Aria), and Sara (Baran Kosari) have become iconic. Yet, in revisiting these characters, they are rewritten, re-described, and reinvigorated in dialogue with Iran's present. An oral history of Rakhshan Banietemad's career offers a rich lens into Iranian cinema and culture over nearly three decades.

In the early stages of her career, documentaries were her dominant form of filmmaking. Even after she gained international esteem for her dramatic features, she continued to make documentaries with tremendous success. Our Times (Ruz-egar-e ma, 2002), for example, was the first documentary ever to be released in movie theaters in Iran. It was broadcast on the Franco-German television network ARTE and shown at prestigious festivals such as the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and the Sundance Film Festival. Banietemad's documentary practice has been so effective that her works often change the lives of her subjects. She says she has “never ended the strong connection that she has always felt with documentaries.”

Early life and education
Rakhshan Banietemad was born in Tehran, Iran, on April 3, 1954, into a middle-class family. While her parents wanted her to pursue a career in teaching, she demonstrated an interest in film from a young age. As a teenager, she decided to study film. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in film studies from the Dramatic Arts University in Tehran. Banietemad had originally planned to study architecture. When she was about to enter university, she took an exam to enter an intensive course in stage assistance offered by the school of television and cinema, and she was one of the 20 people that got in. She studied architecture and stage assistance together, but the next year she took the national exam for the faculty of dramatic arts and chose to study film directing.

1970s and 1980s
Banietemad started her directing career with documentaries. Some of her early works are The Culture of Consumption (Farhang-e masrafi), Occupation of Migrant Peasants in the City (Mohajerin-e roustai dar shahr) and The War Economic Planning (Tadbirha-ye eqtesadi-e jang). The effect of her early documentary filmmaking can be seen in her narrative films later on.

In 1973, shortly after completing her degree, Banietemad began working for the Iranian television network IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) as a script supervisor. Later on, in 1980, she began directing television documentary features. Her films are steeped in Iran's social and economic problems.

Banietemad has repeatedly mentioned that her stories come from the development of characters she saw during her documentary filmmaking. For example, the story of Nargess is from a documentary made to study homeless women, the character of Touba in the film Under the Skin of the City is the result of her research in a documentary on working women, and the character of "Kabootar" in the movie The Blue Veiled comes out of the character of a rough and harsh woman who was even called "Mr. Ghodrat" (Ghodrat means a power which is a male name).

In 1981, Banietemad began working in cinema as a script supervisor on films such as The Liegemen and Chrysanthemum. In 1987, she directed her first feature film Off the Limits. She then revised the script for Canary Yellow and directed it.

1990s to Present
Banietemad did not receive immediate praise upon entering the film industry. Her early feature films were met with harsh criticism. However, she finally earned critical and popular success in 1991 with her film Nargess. She received the Best Director Award from the Fajr Film Festival, marking the first time in the history of the festival that a woman was awarded the Best Director prize. Since then, she has received numerous awards for her films, including a Bronze Leopard Award for The Blue-Veiled at the 1995 Locarno Film Festival. Under the Skin of the city won her the Best Foreign Language Film Award and the Audience Award at the 2001 Turin Film Festival.

At the beginning of the 2000s, Banietemad returned to filmmaking after a period of absence by directing Gilaneh. Gilaneh considered an anti-war film, was nominated for three Crystal Simorghs at the Fajr Film Festival and won a Simorgh for best make-up and a special jury award. Also, Fatemeh Motamedaria won the best actress award.

Mainline and Tales were other works of Banietemad in the early 2000s which Banietemad wrote, directed, and produced. Her film Tales was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival.

Documentary Films
While Banietemad's feature films have been acclaimed and honored worldwide, her documentaries have also been successful and popular internationally. Our Times… (2002) was the first documentary ever released in movie theatres in Iran. It was also screened in prestigious and prominent festivals and TV channels such as IDFA, Sundance Film Festival, and ARTE.

Documentaries have been her main way of connecting with society and social issues. Indeed, her feature films' realistic aspects and authentic feel stem from her documentary style of life and social matters. Her approach in making documentaries and in depicting social issues has been so strong and effective that her works have always resulted in causing a change in the lives of her documentaries' subjects. Her documentaries center on poverty, criminality, divorce, polygamy, social norms, cultural taboos, women's oppression, and cultural expectations.

With her 2002 film Our Times, Banietemad became the first female filmmaker to explicitly confront the Iran-Iraq war, placing her in an important role in Iranian film history. She has challenged censorship codes to the very edge.

In the 2010s, Banietemad started making documentaries again, producing and collaborating with young filmmakers. Hey, Humans (2016), The Karastan film series (2013-2017) are notable documentaries of this period of Banietemad’s work.

Style
Banietemad has an interest and an attraction to strong female characters dealing with social issues. In her more recent films, she features female characters from lower classes and incomes who are struggling to make a living. She highlights the strength and resilience of Iranian women as the hope for the country's future. According to the filmmaker, despite the legal and cultural barriers and the economic hardships for lower-income women, their strong nature is an admirable quality of women in Iran. In addition, her films focus on the complex relationships between mothers and their children. This stems from her own experience as a mother in Iran, but also from the Iranian woman's inability to tackle her life without considering her maternal role — a reality that is deeply ingrained in the Iranian patriarchal structure.

In her most recent film, Tales (2014), she seamlessly intersects seven stories. In these narratives, Banietemad's most memorable women characters once again take the stage, reminding audiences of the historical and cultural significance of her previous films and how she has shaped the history of Iranian cinema in terms of the representation of women.

Despite the predominance of strong female protagonists in her work, Banietemad is not to be associated with feminist filmmaking. Banietemad has explicitly rejected the label often applied to her by Western film festivals as a "feminist filmmaker." She is more concerned with the universal struggle of society’s lower rungs, regardless of gender. She does not identify with the label due to the implications of the word "feminist," which in Iran has a more negative connotation than in America. According to Banietemad, as long as the understanding of the term remains in Iran, she will disassociate from the label.<ref name="firouzanfilms. Banietemad is recognized for combining the tropes of fiction and documentary film into her unique style. It is hard for her to separate the two, and she finds that documentary elements often come into play as she is doing the research and shooting of her films. Her unique style emerged from her passion for representing the reality of Iranian society as accurately as possible. To achieve authenticity and reflect reality, Banietemad personally spends time living in the conditions of the people she reflects in her characters. She relies on experience rather than research to provide a realistic portrayal. With her knowledge of the contemporary social issues she tackles, the filmmaker lives with families similar to her own characters prior to production to understand their conditions. For her 2005 film Gilaneh, Banietemad spent a year and a half living in the village of Espili, observing the day-to-day lives of a war-torn population still suffering the repercussions of war, fifteen years after the Iran-Iraq war. In dramatizing reality, she applies documentary conventions to reflect reality intimately. Laurier, Joanne. Walsh, David. "An Interview with Rakhshan Banietemad, co-director of Gilaneh." World Socialist website. 3 Oct. 2005. International Committee of the Fourth International. 4 May 2012.

In conjunction with her documentary approach to fictional film, Banietemad's signature style consists of films that deal with social issues specific to Iran yet still maintain broad international appeal. She is recognized for reflecting the struggles of Iran's lower classes, the plight of single women and single mothers in Iran, and complicated family relationships. She often examines the duality of human nature in familial and workspaces. To accommodate documentary conventions, her characters directly address the camera.

Legacy
With a collection of films that combine absolute honesty with extraordinary subtlety, Banietemad analyzes the current cultural pressures shaping Iranian women's lives. She is widely recognized among Iranian audiences and critics as one of Iran's most prominent filmmakers, and has also enjoyed international popularity.

She was awarded an honorary degree from SOAS in 2008.

Personal life
She is the wife of Iranian film producer Jahangir Kosari. Her daughter is an Iranian actress Baran Kosari, who has worked with her mother throughout her films. Kosari began acting at a young age and is now a professional actress. She has appeared in her mother's films, as well as those of other Iranian filmmakers.

Humanitarian actions
Banietemad donated her international prize for the movie Ghesseh-ha to build a shelter for homeless women. She also donated some of her awards to help disadvantaged women.

Documentaries

 * Karestan Documentary films (artistic consultant), 2013–17:
 * Poets of Life
 * Puzzleys
 * Mother of the Earth
 * MAHAK: A World She Founded
 * Friends at Work
 * Flax to Fire
 * Hey, Humans (Ay, Adamha), 2016
 * One Hour in a Lifetime (Yek saat az yek omr), 2015
 * All My Trees (Hameh derakhtan-e man), 2015 which exmained the work of Mahlagha Mallah
 * The Other Side of Mirrors (An sooy-e ayeneh ha), 2014
 * The Mirrors Recital (Concert-e ayeneh ha), 2014
 * The Concert of the Lords of Secrets (concert-e khodavandan-e asrar), 2014
 * Mahak My Home (Khaneh man Mahak), a teamwork, 2014
 * Keep Children in School (Bacheh ha ra dar madreseh negahdarim), a teamwork, 2012
 * The Room No. 202 (Otahgh-e 202), part of Kahrizak 4 Views, 2012
 * I’ll see you Tomorrow Elina (Farda mibinamet Elina), 2010
 * We Are Half of Iran's Population (Ma nimi az jameiat-e Iranim), 2009
 * Angels of the House of Sun (Hayat khalvate khaneh khorshid), 2009
 * Second Home (producer), Director: Mahvash Sheikholeslami, 2008
 * 3D Carpet (Farsh-e 3 Bodi), Part of "Iranian Carpet", 2007
 * Our Times… (Ruzegar-e ma…), 2002
 * The Last Visit with Iran Daftari (Akharin didar ba Iran Daftari), 1995
 * To Whom Do You Show These Films? (In filmha ra beh ki neshun midin?), 1993
 * Spring to Spring (Bahar ta bahar), 1993
 * The 1992 Report (Gozaresh-e 71), 1993
 * Centralization (Tamarkoz), 1986
 * The War Economic Planning (Tadbirha-ye eqtesadi-e jang), 1981
 * Occupation of Migrant Peasants in the City (Mohajerin-e roustai dar shahr),1980
 * The Culture of Consumption (Farhang-e masrafi), 1979

Honors and awards

 * Honorary Golden Cyclo, 23rd Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema (France), 2017
 * Ethics and Prayer Award for social and civilian activities (Iran), 2016
 * Cinema Honorary Award, 4th International Women Film Festival (Afghanistan), 2016
 * Cinema Honorary Award, 6th International Crime & Punishment Film Festival (Turkey), 2016
 * Special Jury Prize, Kahrizak 4 views, Dubai International Film Festival (UAE), 2012
 * Prix Henri Langlois, Vincennes International Film Festival (France), 2010
 * Special Jury Prize, We Are Half of Iran's Population, (WIFTS) (USA), 2009
 * Achievement in Directing, Mainline, Asia Pacific Screen Awards (Australia), 2007
 * Best Director & Best Actress, Mainline, Iran Cinema House Awards (Iran), 2007
 * Artistic & Cultural Achievement Award, Kara International Film Festival (Pakistan), 2004
 * Prince Claus Prize for Culture and Development (The Netherlands), 1998
 * "Il Sindaco di Firenze” Peace and Freedom Award (Italy), 1998
 * Best Asian Woman Director, The Blue Veiled, India International Film Festival (India), 1996
 * Best Film, Off the Limits, Comedy International Film Festival (Italy), 1987
 * The Prince Claus Award, 1998
 * Honorary doctorate, SOAS, University of London (2008)
 * Chairperson International jury, at 52nd International Film Festival of India, Goa 2021.

Professional distinctions

 * Jury Member, Venice International Film Festival (Italy), 2017
 * Academy Oscars Member, Writers Branch, 2017
 * President of the jury, Vesoul Film Festival (France), 2017
 * President of the jury, Prague Iranian Film Festival (Czech), 2017
 * President of the jury, Image Film Festival (Iran), 2016
 * President of the jury, Cinema Verite International Film Festival (Iran), 2013
 * President of the jury, Busan International Film Festival (South Korea), 2013
 * Master Class, California Institute of the Arts (USA), 2013
 * Jury Member, Shanghai International Film Festival (China), 2012
 * Jury Member, Dubai International Film Festival (UAE), 2010
 * Jury Member, Asiatic Film Mediale Festival (Italy), 2010
 * Master Class, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis (USA), 2010
 * Jury Member, Fribourg International Film Festival (Switzerland), 2010
 * Jury Member, Urban International Film Festival (Iran), 2009
 * Producer, Heiran, feature-film (Iran), 2009
 * Producer, Second House, documentary (Iran), 2008
 * Honorary Doctorate, University of London (Iran), 2008
 * Master Class, School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS (England), 2008
 * Master Class, Geneva University of Art & Design (ESBA), 2008
 * Jury Member, Cinema Verite International Film Festival (Iran), 2007
 * Jury Member, Women's Film Festival (Iran), 2006
 * Jury Member, Asian Cinema, Fajr International Film Festival (Iran), 2006
 * Jury Member, Art University Student Festival (Iran), 2005
 * Director, Sony Young Directors Film Festival (Iran), 2003
 * Jury Member, Asia Pacific Film Festival (Iran), 2003
 * Jury Member, Sony Young Directors Film Festival (Iran), 2002
 * Jury Member, Moscow International Film Festival ( Russia), 2002
 * Jury Member, Cairo International Film Festival (Egypt), 2002
 * Jury Member, Fajr International Film Festival (Iran), 2001
 * Jury Member, Montreal World Film Festival (Canada), 2001
 * Jury Member, Youth Film Festival (Iran), 2001
 * Jury Member, Student Film Festival (Iran), 1999
 * Jury Member, Leipzig International Film Festival (Germany), 1999
 * Jury Member, Tokyo Environmental International Film Festival (Japan), 1998
 * Jury Member, New Delhi International Film Festival (India), 1998
 * Jury Member, Student Film Festival (Iran), 1997
 * Jury Member, Locarno International Film Festival (Swiss), 1996
 * Jury Member, Turin International Film Festival (Italy), 1995
 * Jury Member, Center for Iranian Film Directors (Iran), 1993
 * Jury Member, Roshd Film Festival (Iran), 1992
 * Jury Member, Fajr International Film Festival (Iran), 1990