Ranajit Guha

Ranajit Guha (23 May 1923 – 28 April 2023) emerged as a prominent Indian historian and a seminal figure among the early architects of the Subaltern Studies collective. This methodological approach within South Asian Studies is dedicated to the examination of post-colonial and post-imperial societies, emphasizing an analysis from the vantage point of marginalized social strata. Guha assumed the editorial mantle for numerous foundational anthologies of the group, contributing as an editor prolifically in both English and Bengali.

Biography
Guha, born on 23 May 1923 in Siddhakatti, Backergunge District of British India (present-day Bangladesh), hailed from a lineage of Khas Taluqdars. Relocating to Calcutta in 1934, following his father's initiation as an advocate at the Calcutta High Court, Guha pursued his education at the Mitra Institution and subsequently earned his undergraduate degree from Presidency University, Calcutta. His academic trajectory continued with postgraduate studies in history at the University of Calcutta. During his formative years, Guha found inspiration in the works of Indian historian Susobhan Sarkar, as evidenced in an interview conducted for the Bengali Intellectuals Oral History Project. He also acknowledged his affluent family background and upbringing in East Bengal, and some of his early influences including writers D. H. Lawrence, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and the Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutt.

Engaging in political activism during the 1940s, Guha affiliated with the Communist Party of India, representing the party at the World Federation of Democratic Youth in London. Following his return to India in 1953, he distanced himself from political engagements after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. Commencing his teaching career at Chandernagore Government College in 1953, Guha faced suspension from the Bengal Educational Services due to scrutiny of his political history. Subsequently employed by Jadavpur University, he played a pivotal role in its establishment.

In 1959, Guha embarked on a migration to the United Kingdom, securing a fellowship at the University of Manchester to complete his doctoral thesis. In 1962, he assumed the position of a Reader in history at the University of Sussex. Noteworthy is his departure from Sussex in 1981, when he accepted a position at the Australian National University, where he concluded his distinguished career, retiring in 1988. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1996.

Subaltern Studies Group
Commencing in the 1980s, Guha played a pivotal role in pioneering an alternative approach to the study of South Asia and the Indian subcontinent. His discernment of the inadequacies within the prevailing historical studies of that era prompted a departure from the predominantly elitist methodology then prevalent. This departure served to mitigate elitist biases within the domain of South Asian Studies. The resultant methodological paradigm, which gained prominence in the 1980s, came to be recognized as Subaltern Studies or the Subaltern Study Group. This paradigm is acknowledged as a significant strand within post-colonial and post-Marxist historiography.

Guha's seminal work, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, is widely acclaimed as a classic in its field. Moreover, his inaugural statement in the initial volume of Subaltern Studies delineated the group's agenda, specifically defining the "subaltern" as the "demographic difference between the total Indian population and all those whom we have described as the 'elite'." The term "subaltern" was strategically borrowed from Antonio Gramsci, the Italian Marxist philosopher, to underscore the significance of elevating the voices of the marginalized classes. This analytical lens, hitherto absent from mainstream studies, prompted the group to scrutinize the dynamics of class, gender, and caste-based subordination in shaping the historical narrative of the region.

Among his notable proteges were sociologists and historians Partha Chatterjee, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Dipesh Chakraborty. Guha published prolifically, making substantial contributions in both English and his native Bengali language.

Personal life
Residing in Purkersdorf, Austria, situated on the periphery of the Vienna Woods, Ranajit Guha shared his abode with Mechthild Guha (née Jungwirth), a German-born scholar distinguished in the field of subaltern studies. The couple first encountered each other at the University of Sussex in the early 1960s, a period during which Guha attained prominence, subsequently relocating to the Australian National University, where their scholarly endeavors persisted.

Guha died at home on 28 April 2023 at the age of 99.

Author

 * A rule of property for Bengal: an essay on the idea of permanent settlement, Paris [etc.]: Mouton & Co., 1963; new edition, Duke University Press, ISBN 0-8223-1761-3
 * Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1983; new edition, Duke University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8223-2348-6 – a classic of Subaltern Studies
 * Guha, Ranajit, "History at the Limit of World-History" (Italian Academy Lectures), Columbia University Press, 2002
 * An Indian Historiography of India: A Nineteenth Century Agenda & Its Implications. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Company. 1988.
 * Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India, Harvard University Press, 1998
 * The Small Voice of History, Permanent Black, 2009

Editor

 * (with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak), Selected Subaltern Studies, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988
 * A Subaltern Studies Reader,1986–1995, University of Minnesota Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8166-2758-4

Articles

 * The Prose of Counter-Insurgency

Select works about Guha

 * Sathyamurthy, T. V. (1990). "Indian peasant historiography: A critical perspective on Ranajit Guha's work". The Journal of Peasant Studies, 18(1), 92–144. doi:10.1080/03066159008438445
 * Arnold, David; Hardiman, David. (1994). Subaltern Studies VIII: Essays in Honour of Ranajit Guha. Delhi: Oxford University Press.