Richard Henry Park

Richard Henry Park (also Richard Hamilton Park; February 17, 1838—November 7, 1902) was an American sculptor who worked in marble and bronze. He was commissioned to do work by the wealthy of the nineteenth century. He did a marble bust of John Plankinton, an astute businessman who founded the meat industry in Wisconsin and was "Milwaukee's foremost citizen."

Park did a sculptor of George Washington as Milwaukee's first piece of public art. He made a bronze monument statue of the 21st Vice President of the United States. He did a sculpture of Milwaukee's first white settler, its first mayor, and created sculptures for the Chicago World's Fair of 1893.

Life and career
Park was born on February 17, 1838, in Hebron, Connecticut. He was inspired by a Hiram Powers exhibition to become a sculptor. From 1855, Park worked in the Albany, New York studio of Erastus Dow Palmer, the foremost neoclassical sculptor of his time, starting out as a marble cutter's apprentice making marble copies of Palmer's work. He stayed until 1861, working as an assistant to Palmer, alongside other future sculptors Launt Thompson, and Charles Calverley. He moved to New York City to establish an independent career before moving to Florence, Italy around 1871. Park's early work was in marble, later changing to the medium of bronze for natural sculptures, in line with the American trend for late nineteenth century sculptures.

During his time in Florence, Park was commissioned to prepare a marble bust of John Plankinton, an astute businessman who founded the meat industry in Wisconsin and was respected as "Milwaukee's foremost citizen". Plankinton was known for religious convictions, his success from a modest upbringing, and for his regular philanthropic public deeds; he became known as "A Merchant Prince and Princely Merchant". Plankinton's daughter, Elizabeth, travelled to Europe in 1879, and met Park in Florence. On return to Milwaukee, Elizabeth convinced her father to let her commission Park to sculpt the first piece of public art for Milwaukee, a monument to George Washington. Park worked on the monument to Washington in Florence, and it was completed and shipped to Milwaukee for its dedication in November 1885; Elizabeth donated it to the city of Milwaukee as a philanthropic gesture. At some point, Park and Elizabeth Plankinton became engaged, and in 1886 John Plankinton commenced construction on a mansion to be a wedding gift for his only daughter. On 18 September 1887, Park married another woman, a dancer from Minneapolis, shortly after his Juneau Monument (in recognition of Milwaukee's first Mayor, Solomon Juneau) was dedicated. When Elizabeth learned of Park's marriage, she left on a long trip to Europe. On her return, she took her only look at the mansion her father had built, and is said never to have set foot in it again.

Park made an over-life-size bronze monument statue as a tribute to the 21st Vice President of the United States, Thomas A. Hendricks. It was unveiled in 1890 on the grounds at the Indiana State House in Indianapolis. After this he moved his studio to Chicago to get commissions in the sculptural programs for the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. He met Lee Lawrie in Chicago and Lawrie went on to work as Park's apprentice and assistant from 1891 to 1894. One of the monuments they worked on was an over-life-size all silver monument statue for the state of Montana titled Justice that was exhibited in the Mines and Mining Building. It was rumored to have been melted down later for the silver. There is an 1893 medal showing the model that posed for the statue on its reverse side. It has been suggested by art historian William H. Gerdts that Park's most enduring legacy may be his role as mentor and teacher to Lawrie.

Park was associated with the Plankinton family for some time so was commissioned by William Plankinton, Elizabeth's brother, to spend six months in Chicago working on a statue of John Plankinton following his 1891 death. Described as a "handsome bronze statue", it was unveiled on 29 June 1892 and "viewed by hundreds of people, the great majority of whom pronounced it one of the most lifelike statues of Uncle John Plankinton possible to be executed." It stood in the Plankinton House Hotel until the location was redeveloped in 1915 into a shopping district, Plankinton Arcade, which incorporated a rotunda in which the statue was placed. The statue underwent several months of restoration work in 2012, before returning to its place in the rotunda that is now a part of The Grand shopping plaza.

One of the bronze statues Park made for the Fair was of Benjamin Franklin and it was three years later reinstalled at Lincoln Park in downtown Chicago. An 1895 review of the public monuments in Milwaukee listed five existing pieces, two sculpted by Park. He is known for his Actor's Monument to Edgar Allan Poe of 1884 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city, and for Christopher Columbus drinking from the Drake Fountain in Chicago of 1892.

Author and art historian Lauritta Dimmick records that Park died in 1902 in Battle Creek, Michigan, although there are others who believe he died in New York City. Dimmick's view is confirmed by his obituary in the Chicago Tribune dated November 8, 1902, which states he died at the Battle Creek Sanitarium.

Washington monument, 1885
Motivated by her love for Milwaukee, Elizabeth Plankinton commissioned Park to prepare a monument to George Washington as Milwaukee's first piece of public art, at a cost of around $20,000, (equivalent to $,000 in ). It was unveiled and dedicated in November 1885. Washington is portrayed in uniform as the 43-year-old commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and stands 9 ft tall on a 12 ft granite base. The bronze figures of a mother and child at the base of the monument were included at the request of Plankinton. With substantial immigration to Milwaukee occurring, Plankiton wanted a child being shown the father of the United States portrayed to symbolise the importance of history. As one speaker at the dedication put it, "during the coming generations when other men shall walk these streets, this monument will stand a text for the old and a lesson for the young." The monument was described in 1895 in The Monumental News as "classical to the verge of conventionality." The statue was moved to Illinois in mid-2016 for restoration work due to ongoing corrosion. In line with a report prepared for the Westown Association in 2014, restorer Andrzej Dajnowski discovered major cracking in one of the legs due to rust and that the sculpture's sword might not be the original. The restoration cost around $100,000, $60,000 of which came from the Westown Association, and the restored monument was returned to Milwaukee in January 2018. The monument now was a dark bronze color rather than the previous green and Mayor Tom Barrett watched as it was craned back into place and observed that "our first piece of public art is in pristine condition."



Juneau Monument, 1887
Solomon Juneau was a key figure in the early history of Milwaukee, having been the area's first white settler and the city's first Mayor. Park's Juneau Monument is the most prominent object in the Milwaukee park built in Juneau's honour, where it stands on a bluff overlooking Lake Michigan. The monument cost around $25,000 (equivalent to $,000 in ), and was gifted to the city by Charles T. Bradley and William H. Metcalf on behalf of their shoe company. It was unveiled on 6 July 1887, and was described by the Milwaukee Sentinel newspaper as "a credit to the artist and the city, as well as a monument to the public spirit of the donors." The bronze statue is over-life-sized, standing 13 ft tall above a 31 ft base of red granite, and depicts Juneau "clothed in the habit of the pioneer," and carrying a rifle. Two sides of the pedestal feature bronze bas-relief scenes from Juneau's life while the other two sides feature inscriptions. Monumental News art journal notes that there are strong similarities between the sculpture's visage and that of Park's Washington statue. Accentuating this similarity is the relief scene of Juneau's inauguration as Mayor – described as perhaps the monument's best feature – where a bust of Washington is placed behind the Mayor's chair.

Books and journals

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Newspaper and web

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 * which is also available from the Wisconsin Historical Society website.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * which is also available from the Wisconsin Historical Society website.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
 * United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.