Richards Spur

Richards Spur is a Permian fossil locality located at the Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry north of Lawton, Oklahoma. The locality preserves clay and mudstone fissure fills of a karst system eroded out of Ordovician limestone and dolomite, with the infilling dating to the Artinskian stage of the early Permian (Cisuralian), around 289 to 286 million years ago. Fossils of terrestrial animals are abundant and well-preserved, representing one of the most diverse Paleozoic tetrapod communities known. A common historical name for the site is Fort Sill, in reference to the nearby military base. Fossils were first reported at the quarry by workers in 1932, spurring a wave of collecting by local and international geologists. Early taxa of interest included the abundant reptile Captorhinus and microsaurs such as Cardiocephalus and Euryodus. Later notable discoveries include Doleserpeton (one of the most lissamphibian-like Paleozoic tetrapods), the most diverse assortment of parareptiles in the Early Permian, and the rare early diapsid Orovenator.

Geology
The caves of Richards Spur formed in the Ordovician-age Arbuckle Limestone, which was uplifted, exposed, and tilted into a vertical orientation within the Pennsylvanian and Permian. In the early Permian, a karst system formed within the limestone, complete with caves containing speleotherms (stalagmites, stalactites, cave popcorn, etc.) made of calcite. Most of the karsts are narrow, 40–60 cm (16-24 inches) in width, and vertically oriented. Due to active mining at the site constantly destroying and exposing new layers, the layout of the system has not been recorded. Most of the Permian infill is discarded in the quarry's waste dumps without sedimentological and stratigraphic data, hampering studies into those aspects of the locality. However, it is known that the lower sections of the system (25 meters or 82 feet below the surface) lacks fossil material. Many of the fossils of Richards Spur were found in soft calcareous claystone or conglomerate. They likely ended up in the caves as a result of water runoff from the surface, as indicated by the presence of surface minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, and sulfides among the fossils. Individual organisms may have been already disarticulated by scavenging or decomposition on the surface, decomposed within the caves after the fresh corpse had been washed in, or even died within the caves after becoming trapped. Organisms which became disarticulated on the surface experienced more wear and erosion on their fossils, induced by exposure to the elements and transportation by water within and/or outside the karst system. On the other hand, recently deceased or living organism would have been more articulated due to their decomposition occurring in the more stable cave environment, with their tendons keeping their individual bones in place prior to fossilization. The most complete fossils were encased in a residue which was almost completely calcite, indicating that the cave structures precipitated around their skeletons. The caves likely had to have been submerged in water (or at least persistently humid) for active speleotherm formation, and therefore this mode of spectacular preservation, to have been possible. Some fossils are encrusted by pyrite, indicating the presence of anoxic fluids or diagenesis in the systems at some point. Most (but not all) fossils are stained a dark color by seepage of hydrocarbons into the deposits. These assorted biochemical conditions are the likely cause of unusually variable Carbon isotope values found within different preserved speleotherms.

Paleoenvironment
Isotope analysis of preserved speleotherms shows several regular fluctuations in δ18O levels within a time span of 1-20 thousand years. Similar fluctuations in modern low-latitude environments are considered to be indicative of strong variation in precipitation between wet and arid periods on the scales of centuries or millennia. Some trace elements agree with this data, as Barium and Phosphorus concentrations increase with higher δ18O (drier periods); this is explained by increased incorporation of dust and seafoam in drier, windier periods, as demonstrated by climatological analyses in a modern cave system in Israel.

Other than exceedingly rare fragments of xenacanthids and eryopoids, aquatic animals are practically absent from Richards Spur. Although amphibians are common at the site, most of them are terrestrially-adapted taxa such as dissorophoids, microsaurs, and seymouriamorphs. This is in strong contrast to contemporary floodplain environments in Oklahoma and Texas, which have abundant fossils of aquatic animals like Eryops and Diplocaulus, along with large lowland amniotes like Edaphosaurus. As a result, the site is considered to represent animals living in a drier environment upland from the humid floodplains which preserve most of the Permian red beds. The only other productive Early Permian geological locale commonly considered to preserve an upland community is the Tambach Formation of Germany.

Age
The unique preservational environment of Richards Spur precludes geological stratigraphy. Based on the faunal composition (particularly the abundance of Captorhinus aguti, Cardiocephalus, and Euryodus), Richards Spur has been considered roughly equivalent in age to the Arroyo Formation (Lower Clear Fork) of Texas. In Oklahoma, the equivalent may be the upper Garber Formation or lower Hennessey Formation. The South Grandfield site of the Hennessey Formation is an example of a more typical Oklahoman fossil locale which has similar captorhinid and microsaur taxa to Richards Spur. To determine the absolute age of the Richards Spur deposits, the speleotherm studied for the Oxygen isotope and trace element analyses was also sampled for Uranium-Lead dating. It was determined that the speleotherm was formed between 289.68 and 288.32 million years ago. This time period was originally stated to be Sakmarian in age, but after a later refinement to the ICS timescale, it was specified as belonging to the early Artinskian. Two more speleotherms studied later gave date ranges of 283.8 to 289.6 Ma, and 286.0 to 286.4 Ma, indicating that the locality was deposited over several million years.

Amphibians

 * Acheloma dunni, a trematopid temnospondyl
 * Aspidosaurus sp., a dissorophid temnospondyl
 * Cacops morrisi, a dissorophid temnospondyl
 * Cacops woehri, a dissorophid temnospondyl
 * Cardiocephalus peabodyi, a gymnarthrid microsaur
 * Dissorophus multicinctus, a dissorophid temnospondyl
 * Doleserpeton annectens, an amphibamid temnospondyl
 * Euryodus primus, a gymnarthrid microsaur
 * Llistrofus pricei, a hapsidopareiid microsaur
 * Nannaroter mckinziei, an ostodolepid microsaur
 * Pasawioops mayi, a micropholid temnospondyl
 * Seymouria sp., a seymouriamorph
 * Sillerpeton permianum, an aistopod
 * Tersomius dolesensis, a micropholid temnospondyl

Synapsids

 * Arisierpeton simplex, a caseid
 * Dimetrodon sp., a sphenacodontid
 * Mesenosaurus efremovi, a varanopid
 * Mycterosaurus longiceps, a varanopid
 * Oromycter dolesorum, a caseid
 * Varanops brevirostris, a varanopid

Parareptiles

 * Abyssomedon williamsi, a nyctiphruretid
 * Bolosaurus grandis, a bolosaurid
 * Colobomycter pholeter, a lanthanosuchoid
 * Colobomycter vaughni, a lanthanosuchoid
 * Delorhynchus cifellii, a lanthanosuchoid
 * Delorhynchus multidentatus, a lanthanosuchoid
 * Delorhynchus priscus, a lanthanosuchoid
 * Feeserpeton oklahomensis, a lanthanosuchoid
 * Microleter mckinzieorum, a basal parareptile

Eureptiles

 * Baeotherates fortsillensis, a captorhinid
 * Captorhinus aguti, a captorhinid
 * Captorhinus kierani, a captorhinid
 * Captorhinus magnus, a captorhinid
 * Labidosauriscus richardi, a captorhinid
 * Maiothisavros dianeae, a basal neodiapsid
 * Opisthodontosaurus carrolli, a captorhinid
 * Orovenator mayorum, a basal neodiapsid

Invertebrates

 * Dolesea subtila, an indeterminate millipede
 * Karstiulus fortsillensis, a xyloiuloid millipede
 * Oklahomasoma richardsspurense, a juliform millipede