Rolette County, North Dakota

Rolette County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,187. Its county seat is Rolla.

History
The Dakota Territory legislature created the county on January 4, 1873, with territory partitioned from Buffalo County. It was not organized at that date, and was not attached to another county for judicial or administrative purposes. It was named for Joseph Rolette Jr., a fur trader and political figure from Pembina. The county government was effected on October 14, 1884, with Dunseith as the county seat. In 1885 the county seat was assigned to Saint John, and in 1889 it was assigned to Rolla.

The county boundaries were adjusted in 1883 and in 1887. It has retained its present boundary configuration since 1887.

The International Peace Garden is located in the northwest corner of the county along the Canada–United States border with Manitoba.

Geography
Rolette County lies on the northern border of North Dakota with Canada. Gimby Creek and Wakopa Creek flow into the county from Canada. The terrain consists of dry rolling hills in the south, and more verdant low hills in the north and northwest, dotted with lakes and ponds.

Part of the Turtle Mountain plateau lies in the northwestern part of the county. The terrain slopes to the south and east; its highest point is its northwest corner, at 2,195 ft ASL.

The Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation is in the northeast section of Rolette County.

Rolette County has an area of 939 sqmi, of which 903 sqmi is land and 36 sqmi (3.9%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 281.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 281
 * [[Image:North Dakota 3.svg|20px]] North Dakota Highway 3
 * [[Image:North Dakota 5.svg|20px]] North Dakota Highway 5
 * [[Image:North Dakota 30.svg|20px]] North Dakota Highway 30
 * [[Image:North Dakota 43.svg|20px]] North Dakota Highway 43
 * [[Image:North Dakota 66.svg|20px]] North Dakota Highway 66

Adjacent counties and rural municipalities

 * Municipality of Boissevain-Morton, Manitoba - northwest
 * Municipality of Killarney-Turtle Mountain, Manitoba - northeast
 * Towner County - east
 * Pierce County - south
 * Bottineau County - west

Protected areas

 * Lords Lake National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 * Rabb Lake National Wildlife Refuge
 * School Section Lake National Wildlife Refuge
 * Willow Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Lakes

 * Belcourt Lake
 * Bigham Lake
 * Bymes Lake
 * Carpenters Lake
 * Coon Lake
 * Gatten Lake
 * Girl Lake
 * Gordon Lake
 * Hartley Lake (part)
 * Horseshoe Lake
 * Island Lake
 * Lagerquist Lake
 * Lake Upsilon
 * Little Gurr Lake
 * Long Lake
 * Lords Lake (part)
 * Mill Lake
 * Mill Lake
 * Rabb Lake
 * School Section Lake
 * Schutte Lake
 * South Messier Lake (part)
 * Ducker Lake
 * Twin Lake
 * Twin Lakes (part)
 * Willow Lake

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 12,187 people, 4,114 households, and 2,857 families in the county. The population density was 13.5 PD/sqmi There were 4,581 housing units.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,937 people, 4,783 households, and 3,413 families in the county. The population density was 15.4 /mi2. There were 5,372 housing units at an average density of 5.95 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 77.2% American Indian, 20.3% white, 0.2% black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 48.5% were French Canadian, 7.0% were German, 6.8% were Norwegian, and 0.3% were American.

Of the 4,783 households, 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.6% were non-families, and 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.39. The median age was 30.5 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,265 and the median income for a family was $35,523. Males had a median income of $35,595 versus $27,459 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,632. About 25.9% of families and 31.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Dunseith
 * Mylo
 * Rolla (county seat)
 * Rolette
 * St. John

Census-designated places

 * Belcourt
 * East Dunseith
 * Green Acres
 * Shell Valley

Unincorporated communities

 * Agate
 * Carpenter
 * Fonda
 * Kelvin
 * Nanson
 * San Haven
 * Thorne

Townships

 * Kohlmeier
 * Maryville
 * Shell Valley
 * South Valley
 * Holmes

Politics
Due to its Native American majority population, Rolette County voters are historically Democratic, more consistently so than other such counties in North Dakota. Since 1928 the only Republican to carry the county was Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. It was the only county in the state to support George McGovern in 1972 and is additionally the only North Dakota county to have supported Jimmy Carter in 1980. In each of the five presidential elections from 1996 to 2012, the Democratic candidate received over 60% of the vote, with Barack Obama winning 75.1% in 2008 and 74.0% in 2012. In 2016, Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton received 57.3% of the county's votes, one of the two North Dakota counties that she carried.

Education
School districts include:


 * Belcourt Public School District 7 (as the Turtle Mountain Community School, in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE))
 * Bottineau Public School District 1
 * Dunseith Public School District 1
 * Mount Pleasant Public School District 4
 * North Star School District
 * Rolette Public School District 29
 * Rugby Public School District 5
 * St. John Public School District 3

Former districts:
 * Wolford Public School District 1 - Closed in 2019