Rolls-Royce Spey

The Rolls-Royce Spey (company designations RB.163 and RB.168 and RB.183) is a low-bypass turbofan engine originally designed and manufactured by Rolls-Royce that has been in widespread service for over 40 years. A co-development version of the Spey between Rolls-Royce and Allison in the 1960s is the Allison TF41.

Intended for the smaller civilian jet airliner market when it was being designed in the late 1950s, the Spey concept was also used in various military engines, and later as a turboshaft engine for ships known as the Marine Spey, and even as the basis for a new civilian line, the Rolls-Royce RB.183 Tay.

Aviation versions of the base model Spey have accumulated over 50 million hours of flight time. In keeping with Rolls-Royce naming practices, the engine is named after the River Spey.

Design and development
In 1954 Rolls-Royce introduced the first commercial bypass engine, the Rolls-Royce Conway, with 17,500 lbf (78 kN) of thrust aimed at what was then the "large end" of the market. This was far too large for smaller aircraft such as the Sud Caravelle, BAC One-Eleven or Hawker Siddeley Trident which were then under design. Rolls-Royce then started work on a smaller engine otherwise identical in design derived from the larger RB.140/141 Medway - which itself had been cancelled after British European Airways (BEA) had demanded the downsizing of the Trident, the RB.163, using the same two-spool compressor arrangement and a smaller fan delivering bypass ratios of about 0.64:1. Designed by a team under Frederick Morley, the first versions of what had become the 'Spey' entered service in 1964, powering both the 1-11 and Trident. Several versions with higher power ratings were delivered through the 1960s, but development was ended nearing the 1970s due to the introduction of engines with much higher bypass ratios, and thus better fuel economy.

In 1980, Turbomecanica Bucharest acquired the license for the Spey 512-14 DW version, which propelled the Romanian built BAC One-Eleven aircraft (Rombac One-Eleven).

Spey-powered airliners remained in widespread service until the 1980s, when noise limitations in European airports forced them out of service.

Tailored for the Buccaneer and Corsair II
In the late 1950s the Soviet Union started the development of the Sverdlov-class cruisers that would put the Royal Navy at serious risk. The Naval Air Warfare Division decided to counter this threat with a strike aircraft which would fly at very high speed at very low level. The winning design was the Blackburn Buccaneer.

The first version of the Buccaneer, the S.1 powered by the de Havilland Gyron Junior, was underpowered in certain scenarios, although not in maximum speed, and the engine was unreliable. The Spey was chosen in 1960 as a re-engining option to give more thrust for a Buccaneer Mk.2. It was also predicted to increase range by 80%. The engine was a militarized version of the BAC 1-11 Spey, and called the RB.168-1. The Buccaneer S.2 served into the 1990s.

A Spey derivative, designed and developed jointly by Rolls-Royce and Allison for the LTV A-7 Corsair II, was produced under licence in the United States as the TF41.

F-4K and M Phantom
The British versions of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II (designated Phantom FG.Mk.1 and FGR.Mk.2) replaced the 16,000 lb wet thrust J79 turbojets with a pair of 20,515 lb wet thrust Spey 201 turbofans. These provided extra thrust for operation from smaller British aircraft carriers, and provided additional bleed air for the boundary layer control system for slower landing speeds. The air intake area was increased by twenty per cent, while the aft fuselage under the engines had to be redesigned. Compared to the original turbojets, the afterburning turbofans produced a ten and fifteen per cent improvement in combat radius and ferry range, respectively, and improved take-off, initial climb, and acceleration, but at the cost of a reduction in top speed because compressor outlet temperatures would be exceeded in an essentially subsonic civil design. The Rolls Royce engines were prone to have leaked oil, and there was no way to prevent it. The bay doors below the engines would fill with oil & mess up the fire suppression system. The solution from Rolls Royce representatives was to drill a bunch of holes in the doors & let the oil leak out. This made the UK F-4 Phantom variant distinctive by the oil slick beneath them.

Reliability
During its lifetime the Spey has achieved an impressive safety record. Its relatively low maintenance costs provide one of the major reasons it remained in service even when newer designs were available. With the need for a 10,000 to 15,000 lbf (44 to 67 kN) thrust class engine, with better specific fuel consumption and lower noise and emission levels, Rolls-Royce used Spey turbomachinery with a much larger fan to produce the Rolls-Royce Tay.

AMX development
A fully updated version of the military RB.168 was also built to power the AMX International AMX attack aircraft.

Variants

 * RB.141:
 * RB.163-1:
 * RB.163-2:
 * RB.163-2W:
 * RB.163 Mk.505-5:
 * RB.163 Mk.505-14:
 * RB.163 Mk.506-5:
 * RB.163 Mk.506-14:
 * RB.163 Mk.511-8:Gulfstream II and Gulfstream III (USAF designation F113-RR-100 for the Gulfstream C-20)
 * RB.163 Mk.511-14:BAC One-Eleven
 * RB.163 Mk.512-14DW: BAC One-Eleven/Rombac One-Eleven
 * AR 963: (RB.163) Boeing 727 (proposed); it was to have been built under licence by Allison
 * RB.168-62:
 * RB.168 Mk.101: (Military Spey) Blackburn Buccaneer S2
 * RB.168 Mk.202: (Military Spey) McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II modified F-4J for British service ("Phantom FG1"). (Surplus engines were purchased and used by Richard Noble for the Thrust SSC land speed record car of 1997.)
 * RB.168 Mk.250: (Military Spey) Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR1/MR2
 * RB.168 Mk.251: (Military Spey) Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1 and AEW
 * RB.168 Mk.807: AMX International AMX, built under licence by FiatAvio
 * AR 168R: Joint development with Allison Engine Company for the TFX competition (won by the Pratt & Whitney TF30
 * RB.183 Mk 555-15 Spey Junior: Fokker F28 Fellowship
 * WS-9 Qinling: Chinese license-produced version of the RB.168 Mk.202 manufactured by the Xi'an Aero-Engine Corporation, which was exported in 1975 violating the COCOM restrictions. It was used to power the Xian JH-7 and JH-7A. An improved WS-9A developing 97 kN of thrust is reportedly in development.

Marinised versions

 * SM1A
 * Marinised Spey delivering 18,770 shp


 * SM1C
 * Marinised Spey delivering 26,150 shp

Applications

 * AMX International AMX
 * BAC One-Eleven/Rombac One-Eleven
 * Blackburn Buccaneer
 * Fokker F28 Fellowship
 * Grumman Gulfstream II
 * Gulfstream III
 * Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR1/R1/MR2/AEW3
 * Hawker Siddeley Trident
 * McDonnell Douglas Phantom FG1/FGR2
 * Xian JH-7
 * ThrustSSC

Engines on display
Examples of the Rolls-Royce Spey are on public display at the:
 * Beijing Air and Space Museum
 * Coventry Transport Museum
 * Gatwick Aviation Museum
 * Midland Air Museum
 * Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
 * North East Land, Sea and Air Museums
 * Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust
 * Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
 * Royal Air Force Museum London
 * Yorkshire Air Museum
 * East Midlands Aeropark