Russian Orthodox Diocese of Lithuania

The Diocese of Vilnius and Lithuania (Виленская и Литовская епархия, Vilniaus ir Lietuvos vyskupija), also known as the Lithuanian Orthodox Church (Литовская православная церковь), is a diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church whose territory comprises the country of Lithuania, established in 1839. Its ruling bishop is appointed by the Holy Synod of the Moscow Patriarchate. Its headquarters is at the Holy Spirit Monastery in Vilnius, though nominally its cathedral is the Dormition Cathedral in Vilnius. Since 2010, its current head is Metropolitan Innocent (Vasilyev).

The diocese includes five deaneries, based in municipal Vilnius, regional Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, and Visaginas, with 52 parishes and two monasteries. The majority of parishioners come from the resident Slavic minorities.

History
Orthodox Christianity first entered Lithuania in significant numbers in the 13th century with the conversion of some of its early nobles from paganism. Among these were the Three Martyrs of Vilnius, Anthony, John, and Eustathius, martyred in 1347 under the Grand Duke Algirdas.

Formally established Orthodox parishes in Lithuania and in the surrounding region ultimately derive from the short-lived fourteenth-century Metropolis of Lithuania and its successor jurisdictions (based largely in Kyiv), which had been under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. In the seventeenth century, the institutional presence of Orthodox Christianity was effectively erased from Lithuania as a result of the Union of Brest, when Lithuania was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At that time, all the Orthodox parishes in Lithuania left the Orthodox Church and joined the Catholic Church.

In the late 18th century, with the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire. The modern Russian Orthodox diocese was founded in 1839 with the incorporation of the Uniate parishes under Metropolitan Joseph Semashko into the Russian church at the Synod of Polotsk. Among the more notable hierarchs of Lithuania in the later imperial period was St. Tikhon (Bellavin), who served in the post 1913–1917.

The diocese functioned within the Russian empire until Lithuania became independent in 1918. At that time, a number of the churches that had been taken from the Catholic Church were returned, and certain Orthodox churches, such as Archangel Michael Church in Kaunas, were also given to the Catholic Church. Most of the Orthodox parishes that exist today in Lithuania were built during the imperial period (1795–1918).

In the wake of World War I, part of Lithuania was controlled by Poland, including the capital Vilnius. During that time, with the autocephaly of the Polish Orthodox Church in 1924, the parishes in that region were part of the Polish church.

As a result of World War II, Lithuania again became subjugated to Russia, this time as part of the Soviet Union, which transferred Vilnius into the Lithuanian SSR and moved the parishes that had been part of the Polish church back to the Moscow Patriarchate. While religion was persecuted in Soviet Lithuania just as it was elsewhere in the Soviet Union, the Orthodox diocese was generally tolerated more than the Roman Catholic Church (to which the great majority of Lithuanians belonged), because its seat of authority was inside the Soviet Union.

In 1990, Lithuania again regained independence. The head of the diocese at the time, Archbishop Chrysostom (Martishkin), openly supported Lithuanian independence. He was succeeded in 2010 by Metropolitan Innocent (Vasilyev).