SDTM

SDTM (Study Data Tabulation Model) defines a standard structure for human clinical trial (study) data tabulations and for nonclinical study data tabulations that are to be submitted as part of a product application to a regulatory authority such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Submission Data Standards team of Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) defines SDTM.

On July 21, 2004, SDTM was selected as the standard specification for submitting tabulation data to the FDA for clinical trials and on July 5, 2011 for nonclinical studies. Eventually, all data submissions will be expected to conform to this format. As a result, clinical and nonclinical Data Managers will need to become proficient in the SDTM to prepare submissions and apply the SDTM structures, where appropriate, for operational data management.

Background
SDTM is built around the concept of observations collected about subjects who participated in a clinical study. Each observation can be described by a series of variables, corresponding to a row in a dataset or table. Each variable can be classified according to its Role. A Role determines the type of information conveyed by the variable about each distinct observation and how it can be used. Variables can be classified into four major roles:
 * Identifier variables, which identify the study, subject of the observation, the domain, and the sequence number of the record
 * Topic variables, which specify the focus of the observation (such as the name of a lab test)
 * Timing variables, which describe the timing of the observation (such as start date and end date)
 * Qualifier variables, which include additional illustrative text, or numeric values that describe the results or additional traits of the observation (such as units or descriptive adjectives).

A fifth type of variable role, Rule, can express an algorithm or executable method to define start, end, or looping conditions in the Trial Design model.

The set of Qualifier variables can be further categorized into five sub-classes:
 * Grouping Qualifiers are used to group together a collection of observations within the same domain. Examples include—CAT and—SCAT.
 * Result Qualifiers describe the specific results associated with the topic variable for a finding. It is the answer to the question raised by the topic variable. Examples include—ORRES, --STRESC, and—STRESN. Many of the values in the DM domain are also classified as Result Qualifiers.
 * Synonym Qualifiers specify an alternative name for a particular variable in an observation. Examples include—MODIFY and—DECOD, which are equivalent terms for a --TRT or—TERM topic variable, --TEST and—LOINC which are equivalent terms for a --TESTCD.
 * Record Qualifiers define additional attributes of the observation record as a whole (rather than describing a particular variable within a record). Examples include—REASND, AESLIFE, and all other SAE (serious adverse event) flag variables in the AE domain; and—BLFL, --POS and—LOC, --SPEC, --LOT, --NAM.
 * Variable Qualifiers are used to further modify or describe a specific variable within an observation and is only meaningful in the context of the variable they qualify. Examples include—ORRESU, --ORNRHI, and—ORNRLO, all of which are variable qualifiers of—ORRES, and—DOSU and—DOSFRM, all of which are variable qualifiers of—DOSE.

For example, in the observation, 'Subject 101 had mild nausea starting on Study Day 6,' the Topic variable value is the term for the adverse event, 'NAUSEA'. The Identifier variable is the subject identifier, '101'. The Timing variable is the study day of the start of the event, which captures the information, 'starting on Study Day 6', while an example of a Record Qualifier is the severity, the value for which is 'MILD'.

Additional Timing and Qualifier variables could be included to provide the necessary detail to adequately describe an observation.

Datasets and domains
Observations are normally collected for all subjects in a series of domains. A domain is defined as a collection of logically-related observations with a topic-specific commonality about the subjects in the trial. The logic of the relationship may relate to the scientific matter of the data, or to its role in the trial.

Typically, each domain is represented by a dataset, but it is possible to have information relevant to the same topicality spread among multiple datasets. Each dataset is distinguished by a unique, two-character DOMAIN code that should be used consistently throughout the submission. This DOMAIN code is used in the dataset name, the value of the DOMAIN variable within that dataset, and as a prefix for most variable names in the dataset.

The dataset structure for observations is a flat file representing a table with one or more rows and columns. Normally, one dataset is submitted for each domain. Each row of the dataset represents a single observation and each column represents one of the variables. Each dataset or table is accompanied by metadata definitions that provide information about the variables used in the dataset. The metadata are described in a data definition document named 'Define' that is submitted along with the data to regulatory authorities.

Submission Metadata Model uses seven distinct metadata attributes to be defined for each dataset variable in the metadata definition document:
 * The Variable Name (limited to 8-characters for compatibility with the SAS System V5 Transport format)
 * A descriptive Variable Label, using up to 40 characters, which should be unique for each variable in the dataset
 * The data Type (e.g., whether the variable value is a character or numeric)
 * The set of controlled terminology for the value or the presentation format of the variable(Controlled Terms or Format)
 * The Origin or source of each variable
 * The Role of the variable, which determines how the variable is used in the dataset. Roles are used to represent the categories of variables as Identifier, Topic, Timing, or the five types of Qualifiers. Since these roles are predefined for all domains that follow the general classes, they do not need to be specified by sponsors in their Define data definition document. Actual submission metadata may use additional role designations, and more than one role may be assigned per variable to meet different needs.
 * Comments or other relevant information about the variable or its data.

Data stored in dataset variables include both raw (as originally collected) and derived values (e.g., converted into standard units, or computed on the basis of multiple values, such as an average). In SDTM only the name, label, and type are listed with a set of CDISC guidelines that provide a general description for each variable used by a general observation class.

Comments are included as necessary according to the needs of individual studies. The presence of an asterisk (*) in the 'Controlled Terms or Format' column indicates that a discrete set of values (controlled terminology) is expected to be made available for this variable. This set of values may be sponsor-defined in cases where standard vocabularies have not yet been defined (represented by a single *) or from an external published source such as MedDRA (represented by **).

Special-purpose domains
The CDISC Version 3.x Submission Data Domain Models include special-purpose domains with a specific structure and cannot be extended with any additional qualifier or timing variables other than those specified.


 * Demographics includes a set of standard variables that describe each subject in a clinical study
 * Comments describes a fixed structure for recording free-text comments on a subject, or comments related to records or groups of records in other domains.

Additional fixed structure, non-extensible special-purpose domains are discussed in the Trial Design model.

The general domain classes
Most observations collected during the study (other than those represented in special purpose domains) should be divided among three general observation classes: Interventions, Events, or Findings:
 * The Interventions class captures investigational treatments, therapeutic treatments, and surgical procedures that are intentionally administered to the subject (with some actual or expected physiological effect) either as specified by the study protocol (e.g., “exposure”), coincident with the study assessment period (e.g., “concomitant medications”), or other substances self-administered by the subject (such as alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine)
 * The Events class captures occurrences or incidents independent of planned study evaluations occurring during the trial (e.g., 'adverse events' or 'disposition') or prior to the trial (e.g., 'medical history').
 * The Findings class captures the observations resulting from planned evaluations to address specific questions such as observations made during a physical examination, laboratory tests, ECG testing, and sets of individual questions listed on questionnaires.

In most cases, the identification of the general class appropriate to a specific collection of data by topicality is straightforward. Often the Findings general class is the best choice for general observational data collected as measurements or responses to questions. In cases when the topicality may not be as clear, the choice of class may be based more on the scientific intent of the protocol or analysis plan or the data structure.

All datasets based on any of the general observation classes share a set of common Identifier variables and Timing variables. Three general rules apply when determining which variables to include in a domain:
 * The same set of Identifier variables applies to all domains based on the general observation classes. An optional identifier can be used wherever appropriate.
 * Any valid Timing variable is permissible for use in any submission dataset (such as to describe studies with more precise time points such as a Pharmacokinetics trial), but it should be used consistently where applicable for all domains.
 * Any additional Qualifier variables from the same general class may be added to a domain model.

The CDISC standard domain models (SDTMIG 3.2)
Special-Purpose Domains: Interventions General Observation Class:
 * Comments (CO)
 * Demographics (DM)
 * Subject Elements (SE)
 * Subject Visits (SV)
 * Concomitant Medications (CM)
 * Exposure as Collected (EC)
 * Exposure (EX)
 * Substance Use (SU)
 * Procedures (PR)

Events General Observation Class:
 * Adverse Events (AE)
 * Clinical Events (CE)
 * Disposition (DS)
 * Protocol Deviations (DV)
 * Medical History (MH)
 * Healthcare Encounters (HO)

Findings General Observation Class:
 * Drug Accountability (DA)
 * Death Details (DD)
 * ECG Test Results (EG)
 * Inclusion/Exclusion Criterion Not Met (IE)
 * Immunogenicity Specimen Assessments (IS)
 * Laboratory Test Results (LB)
 * Microbiology Specimen (MB)
 * Microscopic Findings (MI)
 * Morphology (MO)
 * Microbiology Susceptibility Test (MS)
 * PK Concentrations (PC)
 * PK Parameters (PP)
 * Physical Examination (PE)
 * Questionnaires (QS)
 * Reproductive System Findings (RP)
 * Disease Response (RS)
 * Subject Characteristics (SC)
 * Subject Status (SS)
 * Tumor Identification (TU)
 * Tumor Results (TR)
 * Vital Signs (VS)

Findings About :
 * Findings About Events or Interventions (FA)
 * Skin Response (SR)

Trial Design Domains:
 * Trial Arms (TA)
 * Trial Disease Assessment (TD)
 * Trial Elements (TE)
 * Trial Visits (TV)
 * Trial Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria (TI)
 * Trial Summary (TS)

Special-Purpose Relationship Datasets:
 * Supplemental Qualifiers - SUPPQUAL
 * Relate Records - RELREC

Limitations and criticism of standards
One criticism of the SDTM standards is that they are continually changing, with new versions released frequently. CDISC claims that SDTM standards are backward compatible. But the claim is unreliable. It is not possible to map the data from EDC DBMS to SDTM standards until the clinical trial completes. New domains, for example the exposure as collected (EC) domain, were added recently. However, backward compatibility with earlier domains is not always possible. The controlled terminology subset of National Cancer institute terminology.