SM U-23 (Austria-Hungary)

SM U-23 or U-XXIII was a U-20-class submarine or U-boat built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy (Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine) during the First World War. The design for U-23 was based on that of the submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.

U-23 was just over 127 ft long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. In February 1918, U-23 was sunk with all hands by the Italian torpedo boat Airone while attempting an attack on the Italian transport SS Memfi. U-23 had no wartime successes.

Design and construction
When it became apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one, they moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish Havmanden class submarines, which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume, who had built three units. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U-23 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915.

U-23 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Hungarian UBAG yard in Fiume. Due to demands by the Hungarian government, subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms, and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design, resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general.

U-23 was an ocean-going submarine that displaced 173 t surfaced and 210 t submerged and was designed for a complement of 18. She was 127 ft long with a beam of 13 ft and a draft of 9 ft. For propulsion, she featured a single shaft, a single 450 bhp diesel engine for surface running, and a single 160 shp electric motor for submerged travel. She was capable of 12 knots while surfaced and 9 knots while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for U-23, the Havmanden class, upon which the U-20 class was based, had a range of 1400 nmi at 10 knots, surfaced, and 23 nmi at 8 knots submerged.

U-23 was armed with two 45 cm torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. She was also equipped with a 66 mm/26 deck gun and an 8 mm machine gun.

Service career
U-23 was launched on 5 January 1917, but It is not known with certainty when U-23 was commissioned. Author Paul Halpern reports that U-23 and her three sisters all entered service between August and November 1917. Although there are no specific reports of problems with U-23, the U-20 class as a whole suffered from unreliable engines which compounded the poor handling characteristics of the boats. On 21 February 1918, Linienschiffsleutnant Klemens Ritter von Bezard, U-23's only commanding officer, was guiding the boat in an attack on the Italian transport SS Memfi in the Straits of Otranto. U-23 came under attack by the Italian torpedo boat Airone which first tried to ram the U-boat, and then deployed an explosive paravane. When the paravane contacted the submerged U-23, it exploded, blowing debris into the air and sinking the submarine with all hands. Like all of her sister boats, U-23 had no wartime successes.