Saint Clement and Sisinnius inscription

The Saint Clement and Sisinnius inscription, written around the end of the eleventh century, is located in the subterranean chapel of the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano in Rome. It is the very first example of the Italian language used in a work of art.

Content
The inscription consists of the dialogue of the characters depicted on the fresco. In a scene taken from the Passio Sancti Clementis ("Martyrdom of Saint Clement"), a certain Sisinnius is instructing his servants to drag Saint Clement off to prison, unaware that the latter has escaped and that what they are dragging along is really a stone column.

The dialogue is as follows:


 * Sisinnium: "Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!"
 * Sanctus Clemens: "Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa traere meruistis".

Or in English:


 * Sisinnius: "Pull, you sons of bitches! Gosmario, Albertello, pull! Get in there with the pole, Carboncello!"
 * Saint Clement: "You deserve to drag stone on account of the hardness of your hearts."

This is an early example of dialogue written next to the characters who speak it, a phenomenon that would later become common in comics.

Linguistic analysis
Sisinnius and his workmen speak in an early form of Romanesco while Saint Clement expresses himself in Latin. This juxtaposition of the 'rude' vernacular with the 'holy' liturgical language is deliberate and meant to reflect the different moral standings of the characters involved.

Nevertheless, St. Clement's dialogue contains a number of mistakes. Duritiam, the accusative, is written instead of the ablative duritia; the form vestris is a mistake for vestri, likely by contamination with the ending of the preceding cordis; and finally, the letter h is missing from trahere.

The expression falite is composed of fa 'do.IMP', li 'him.DAT' and te 'you.ACC', an order that follows the so-called Tobler-Mussafia Law.

The name Carvoncelle, ultimately derived from Latin carbonem 'charcoal', shows the passage of /rb/ to /rv/, a change characteristic of Romanesco as well as other Central Italian dialects.