Saline County, Missouri

Saline County is a county located along the Missouri River in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,333. Its county seat is Marshall. The county was established November 25, 1820, and named for the region's salt springs.

Settled primarily by migrants from the Upper South during the nineteenth century, this county was in the region bordering the Missouri River known as "Little Dixie". In the antebellum years, it had many plantations operated with the forced labor of enslaved workers. One-third of the county population was African American at the start of the American Civil War, but their proportion of the residents has declined dramatically to little more than five percent.

Saline County comprises the Marshall, Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Saline County was occupied for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of Missouri Native Americans. Saline County was organized by European-American settlers on November 25, 1820, and was named from the salinity of the springs found in the region. After periods of conflict as settlers competed for resources and encroached on their territory, the local Native Americans, including the Osage nation, were forced by the U.S. government to move to reservations in Indian Territory, first in Kansas and then in Oklahoma.

Saline County was among several along the Missouri River that were settled primarily by migrants from the Upper South states of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. The settlers quickly started cultivating crops similar to those in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky: hemp and tobacco; they had brought enslaved people with them to central Missouri, or purchased them from slave traders. These counties settled by southerners became known as "Little Dixie." By the time of the Civil War, one-third of the county population was African American; most of them were enslaved laborers on major plantations, particularly for labor-intensive tobacco cultivation. In 1847 the state legislature had prohibited any African Americans from being educated.

After the war, freedmen and other residents had a hunger for education. The state's new constitution established public education for all citizens for the first time. It was segregated, in keeping with local custom. Each township with 20 or more African-American students were supposed to establish a school for them, but rural areas lagged in the number of schools and jurisdictions underfunded those for blacks. By the early 20th century, Saline County had eighteen schools for black students. The remaining black schools from the Jim Crow era have been studied by the State Historic Preservation Office and many are being nominated to the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 767 sqmi, of which 756 sqmi is land and 11 sqmi (1.5%) is water. Its northern border is the Missouri River where it is increased by the confluence of the Grand River.

Adjacent counties

 * Carroll County (northwest)
 * Chariton County (northeast)
 * Howard County (east)
 * Cooper County (southeast)
 * Pettis County (south)
 * Lafayette County (west)

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-70 (MO).svg|20px]] Interstate 70
 * [[Image:US 40.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 40
 * [[Image:US 65.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 65
 * [[Image:MO-20.svg|20px]] Route 20
 * [[Image:MO-41.svg|20px]] Route 41
 * [[Image:MO-127.svg|20px]] Route 127
 * [[Image:MO-240.svg|20px]] Route 240

National protected area

 * Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge (part)

Demographics
The largely rural county reached its peak of population in 1930, and has slowly declined since then since mechanization of farming has meant that fewer workers are needed; from about 1910 to the 1970s, African Americans often moved to larger urban areas for work and better social conditions.

At the 2000 census, there were 23,756 people, 9,015 households and 6,013 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 /mi2. There were 10,019 housing units at an average density of 13 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 90.03% White, 5.39% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.21% Pacific Islander, 2.09% from other races, and 1.62% from two or more races. Approximately 4.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.7% were of German, 18.2% American, 9.8% English and 9.3% Irish ancestry.

There were 9,015 households, of which 30.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.90% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.30% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.97.

In Age distribution was 24.30% under the age of 18, 12.00% from 18 to 24, 25.20% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.

The median household income was $32,743, and the median family income was $39,234. Males had a median income of $27,180 versus $19,431 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,132. About 10.50% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.90% of those under age 18 and 8.60% of those age 65 or over.

Public schools

 * Gilliam C-4 School District – Gilliam
 * Gilliam Elementary School (K-08)
 * Hardeman R-X School District – Marshall
 * Hardeman Elementary School (PK-08)
 * Malta Bend R-V School District – Malta Bend
 * Malta Bend Elementary School (PK-05)
 * Malta Bend High School (06-12)
 * Marshall School District – Marshall
 * Eastwood Elementary School (PK-03)
 * Benton Elementary School (K-01)
 * Northwest Elementary School (K-04)
 * Southeast Elementary School (K-02)
 * Bueker Middle School (05-08)
 * Marshall High School (09-12)
 * Orearville R-IV School District – Slater
 * Orearville Elementary School (K-08)
 * Slater Public Schools – Slater
 * Slater Elementary School (PK-08)
 * Slater High School (09-12)
 * Sweet Springs R-VII School District – Sweet Springs
 * Sweet Springs Elementary School (PK-06)
 * Sweet Springs High School (07-12)

Private schools

 * Calvary Baptist School – Marshall (PK-10) – Baptist (Alternative School)
 * St. Peter Catholic School – Marshall (K-09) – Roman Catholic

Post-secondary

 * Missouri Valley College – Marshall – A private, four-year Presbyterian university.

Public libraries

 * Marshall Public Library
 * Slater Public Library
 * Sweet Springs Public Library

Cities

 * Blackburn (small part in Lafayette County)
 * Emma (partly in Lafayette County)
 * Malta Bend
 * Marshall (county seat)
 * Miami
 * Nelson
 * Slater
 * Sweet Springs

Villages

 * Arrow Rock
 * Gilliam
 * Grand Pass
 * Mount Leonard

Unincorporated communities

 * Blue Lick
 * Elmwood
 * Fairville
 * Hardeman
 * Herndon
 * Marshall Junction
 * McAllister Springs
 * Napton
 * New Frankfort
 * Norton
 * Orearville
 * Pennytown
 * Ridge Prairie
 * Saline City
 * Salt Springs
 * Shackleford
 * Sharon

Local
The Democratic Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in Saline County. Democrats hold all but four of the elected positions in the county.

State
Saline County is divided into two legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, both represented by Republicans.


 * District 48 — Dave Muntzel (R-Boonville). Consists of the communities of Arrow Rock, Gilliam, Miami, Nelson, and Slater.


 * District 51 — Dean Dohrman (R-La Monte). Consists of the communities of Blackburn, Emma, Grand Pass, Malta Bend, Marshall, Mt. Leonard, and Sweet Springs.

All of Saline County is a part of Missouri's 21st District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Denny Hoskins (R-Warrensburg).

Federal
All of Saline County is included in Missouri's 5th Congressional District, which is represented by Emanuel Cleaver (D-Kansas City) in the U.S. House of Representatives.