Samekh

Samekh is the fifteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician sāmek 𐤎, Hebrew sāmeḵ ס, Aramaic samek 𐡎, and Syriac semkaṯ ܣ.

Samekh represents a voiceless alveolar fricative. In the Hebrew language, the samekh has the same pronunciation as the left-dotted shin.

The numerical value of samekh is 60.

Origin
The Phoenician letter may continue a glyph from the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, either based on a hieroglyph for a tent peg or support, possibly the djed "pillar" hieroglyph (c.f. Hebrew root סמך s-m-kh 'support', סֶמֶךְ semekh 'support, rest', סוֹמֵךְ somekh 'support peg, post', סוֹמְכָה somkha 'armrest', סָמוֹכָה smokha 'stake, support', indirectly s'mikhah סמיכה; Aramaic סַמְכָא samkha 'socket, base', סְמַךְ smakh 'support, help'; Syriac ܣܡܟܐ  semkha 'support').

The shape of samek undergoes complicated developments. In archaic scripts, the vertical stroke can be drawn either across or below the three horizontal strokes. The closed form of Hebrew samek is developed only in the Hasmonean period.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek xi (Ξ), whereas its name may also be reflected in the name of the otherwise unrelated Greek letter sigma.

The archaic "grid" shape of Western Greek xi was adopted in the early Etruscan alphabet (𐌎 esh), but was never included in the Latin alphabet.

Arabic sīn/ṣād & Nabataean simkath
Samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet, so it was replaced by either ص Ṣād (ultimately from Ṣādē 𐤑) or س Sīn (ultimately from Šīn 𐤔).

Although Semitic linguists that the letter ش|shīn, a variant of س|sīn is Arabic for samekh, many Semitic linguists argue this debate, as samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet. The letter sīn, a variant of shīn without its three dots, has falsely known as Arabic samekh by almost all of Semitic linguists.

In the Mashriqi abjad sequence:
 * س Sīn replaces Samekh at 15th position and acquires the numerical value of 60;
 * ش Shīn, a variant of س sīn, is at the 21st position and has the numerical value of 300;
 * ص Sād is still at its original 18th position and retains the numerical value of 90.

The Nabataean alphabet, however, which is the immediate predecessor to the Arabic alphabet, contains the letter Simkath.

In the Maghrebian abjad sequence (quoted in apparently earliest authorities and considered older):
 * ص Ṣād replaces Samekh at 15th position and acquires the numerical value of 60;
 * ض Ḍād, a variant of ص ṣād, is at the 18th position and has the numerical value of 90;
 * س Sīn is still at its original 21st position and retains the numerical value of 300.

Syriac semkat
The Syriac letter semkaṯ ܣܡܟܬ develops from the Imperial Aramaic "hook" shape 𐡎 into a rounded form by the 1st century. The Old Syriac form further develops into a connected cursive both in the Eastern and Western script variants.

Hebrew samekh
Hebrew Samekh develops a closed cursive form in the middle Hasmonean period (1st century BC). This becomes the standard form in early Herodian hands.

Talmudic legend
In Talmudic legend, samekh is said to have been a miracle of the Ten Commandments. records that the tablets "were written on both their sides." The Jerusalem Talmud interprets this as meaning that the inscription went through the full thickness of the tablets. The stone in the center parts of the letters ayin and teth should have fallen out, as these letters are closed in the ktav ivri script and would not be connected to the rest of the tablet, but miraculously remained in place. The Babylonian Talmud (tractate Shabbat 104a) also cites the opinion that these closed letters included samekh, attributed to Rav Chisda (d. ca. 320).