San'in Main Line

The Sanin Main Line (山陰本線) is a railway line in western Japan, which connects Kyoto and Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). It is the major railway line of the San'in region, approximately paralleling the Japan Sea, crossing Kyoto, Hyōgo, Tottori, Shimane, and Yamaguchi prefectures. The main portion from Kyoto to Hatabu is the longest single continuous railway line in Japan at 673.8 km, although no regularly scheduled train operates over the entire line.

The section between Kyoto and Sonobe, connecting Kyoto and its northern suburbs, is a part of JR West's Urban Network and is nicknamed the Sagano Line.

Basic data

 * Distances: 676.0 km
 * Operators
 * West Japan Railway Company (Category 1)
 * Kyoto - Hatabu: 673.8 km
 * Nagatoshi - Senzaki: 2.2 km
 * Japan Freight Railway Company (Category 2)
 * Hōki-Daisen - Higashi-Matsue: 27.1 km
 * Yonago - Higashi-Matsue temporary closed
 * Okami - Masuda: 16.9 km
 * Track:
 * Double: Kyoto – Sonobe, Ayabe – Fukuchiyama, Hōki-Daisen – Yasugi, Higashi-Matsue – Matsue, Tamatsukuri-Onsen – Kimachi
 * Single: the rest
 * Electric supply:
 * Kyoto – Kinosaki-Onsen, Hōki-Daisen – Nishi-Izumo: 1,500 V DC
 * Railway signalling:
 * Kyoto – Nishi-Izumo: Automatic
 * Nishi-Izumo – Hatabu, including "Senzaki branch line": Special Automatic; a simplified automatic system
 * Maximum speed in service:
 * Kyoto – Saga-Arashiyama: 120 km/h
 * Saga-Arashiyama – Umahori: 130 km/h
 * Umahori – Ayabe: 120 km/h
 * Ayabe – Fukuchiyama: 130 km/h
 * Fukuchiyama – Tottori: 95 km/h
 * Tottori – Izumoshi: 120 km/h
 * Izumoshi – Masuda: 110 km/h
 * Masuda – Hatabu: 95 km/h
 * Nagatoshi – Senzaki: 85 km/h

From Kyoto to Sonobe (Sagano Line)

 * Stations on this segment
 * Kyoto - Umekōji-Kyōtonishi - Tambaguchi - Nijo - Emmachi - Hanazono - Uzumasa - Saga-Arashiyama - Hozukyo - Umahori - Kameoka - Namikawa - Chiyokawa - Yagi - Yoshitomi - Sonobe

From Sonobe to Kinosaki-Onsen
This section is designated the letter "E".

Rapid trains are operated as local trains and stop at every station between Sonobe and Fukuchiyama.

From Kinosaki-Onsen to Yonago
This section is designated the letter "A".

From Yonago to Masuda
This section is designated the letter "D".
 * TL: Rapid Tottori Liner (快速とっとりライナー)
 * AL: Rapid Aqua Liner (快速アクアライナー)
 * CL: Rapid Commuter Liner (快速通勤ライナー)
 * All the trains stop at stations signed "+". Most trains stop at "‡". Most trains do not stop at "*". No trains (other than local) stop at "-".
 * Rapid Commuter Liner runs from Nishi-Izumo to Yonago, one direction alone

History
The line was built by three different private companies, which were subsequently nationalised and connected by the Japanese Government Railway (JGR). The Kyoto Railway opened the section to Sonobe between 1897 and 1899. The Bantsuru Railway opened the Ayabe to Fukuchiyama section (as part of the current Maizuru Line) in 1904. Both companies were nationalised in 1907.

The first section opened by the JGR was between Yonago and Mikuriya in 1902, and the line was then progressively extended eastward, reaching Tottori in 1907 and Iwami in 1908, the same year the current Bantan Line opened to Wadayama and Yoka. Construction of that line continued westward, and the two lines were connected in 1912. In the meantime, the Sonobe to Ayabe section was opened in 1910, and the Fukuchiyama to Wadayama section the following year. In addition, construction from Yonago progressed westward, opening to Matsue in 1908 and Izumoshi in 1910, resulting in the 385 km continuous line upon the 1912 connection mentioned above. At the western end, the Choshu Railway opened the Hatabu to Kogushi section in 1914. From Izumoshi, construction continued progressively westward, opening to Masuda in 1923, and to Todakohama in 1925, the year that the Choshu Railway was nationalised and the Kogushi to Takibe section opened, with construction then continuing from both directions until the two sections were connected in 1933, completing the current line.

Double-tracking
The Yonago to Hoki-Daisen section was double-tracked between 1962 and 1966, with the Ayabe to Fukuchiyama section double-tracked in between 1968 and 1969, and the Tamatsukuri-Onsen to Kimachi section in 1970. The Matsue to Higashi-Matsue section was double-tracked in 1979, and the Yonago to Yasugi section in 1980. The original Saga-Arashiyama to Umahori section was built on the banks of the Hozugawa in a narrow gorge. A new double-track alignment was opened in 1989, and the original alignment became the Sagano Scenic Railway. Further double-tracking occurred in stages, with the entire Kyoto to Sonobe section double-tracked by 2010.

Electrification
The Hoki-Daisen to Izumoshi section was electrified in 1982 in conjunction with the electrification of the Hakubi Line. The Fukuchiyama to Kinosaki section was electrified in 1986 in conjunction with the electrification of the Fukuchiyama Line. The Sonobe to Fukuchiyama section was electrified between 1985 and 1986, and the Kyoto to Sonobe section in 1990.

Former connecting lines

 * Fukuchiyama Station: The Hokutan Railway operated a 12 km line to Koumori between 1923 and 1971.
 * Ebara Station: The Izushi Railway operated an 11 km line to Izushi between 1929 and 1970.
 * Iwami Station: The Iwai Prefectural Government opened a 3 km gauge line to Iwai Onsen in 1925. In June 1934, 149 of the 216 buildings at Iwai Onsen burnt down, and then in September that year Typhoon Muroto caused such extensive damage to the line that it was out of service until February 1936. In 1944, the line was closed and materials recycled for the Japanese war effort.
 * Kurayoshi Station: In 1912, a 4 km line to Kamii opened, and was extended 11 km to Sekigane in 1941 and a further 5 km (as a passenger-only section) to Yamamori in 1958. Freight services ceased in 1974 and the line closed in 1985.
 * Yonago Station: The Hakuhi Electric Railway operated a 12 km line, electrified at 600 V DC, to Hosshoji between 1924 and 1967. A 6 km electrified branch from Aga to Mori operated between 1930 and 1944.
 * Arashima Station: The Hirose Railway opened an 8 km line, electrified at 600 V DC to Izumo Hirose in 1928. In 1954, the company merged with the Ichibata Electric Railway, and the line closed in 1960.
 * Izumoshi Station: On the northern side of the station, the 8 km Taisha Line opened in 1912, on the opposite bank of the Ogamogawa to the Izumo-Taisha Station on the Ichibata Electric Railway line. Freight services ceased in 1974, and the line closed in 1990.
 * Gotsu Station: The Sanko Line operated 1930 - 2018.
 * Nishi-Hamada Station: A 2 km freight-only line to Hamada Minato to service the port operated between 1955 and 1982.
 * Hatabu Station: The Choshu Railway opened a 27 km line from Higashi-Shimonoseki to Kogushi via Hatabu in 1914. A proposed extension to Nagato was not built due to funding constraints. The part from Hatabu to Kogushi was nationalised in 1925, with the Hatabu station being moved to its present location in 1928, and the line becoming a part of the San'in Main Line in 1933. The remaining 2.2 km Choshu Railway line from Hatabu to Higashi-Shimonoseki was electrified at 600 V DC in 1926. The company merged with the Sanyo Electric Railway (today Sanden Kotsu, not to be confused with the eponymous company operating in the Hyōgo Prefecture) in 1928, and the line was extended to Karato in 1932 in order to connect it to the Sanyo Electric Chōfu to Hikoshima-Guchi line. The line was closed in 1971.