Schoenus (plant)

Schoenus is a predominately austral genus of sedges, commonly known as bogrushes, or veldrushes in South Africa. Species of this genus occur mainly in South Africa (some 44 species), Australia (some 70 species) and Southeast Asia. Others are found in scattered locations worldwide, from Europe (2 species) to Asia, North Africa (1 species) and the Americas. Three species occur in the peatlands of southern South America, including S. antarcticus which is found in Tierra del Fuego, where it forms a component of hyperhumid Magellanic moorland.

Taxonomic attention to the South African taxa, starting 2017, revealed a wealth of species. 24 species were transferred from Tetraria and Epischoenus into Schoenus, and several new species were described. S. inconspicuus, discovered on the outskirts of Cape Town, consists of only a few specimens.

Etymology
The Greek word schoinos means 'rush', 'reed' or 'coord'. Schoenus has also been used to represent ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman units of length and area based on knotted cords. In addition, it was the name of several ancient Greek towns, which were located in Arcadia, Boeotia and Corinthia, as well as several individuals in Greek mythology.

Description
Similar to other sedges (plants in family Cyperaceae), Schoenus are graminoid (grass-like) monocotyledonous flowering plants. Most species of Schoenus usually grow in clumps, but a few species are more spreading in growth form. The flowering stems (culms) of Schoenus are usually round (terete), but there are some species with angular (e.g. Schoenus quadrangularis) or flat (e.g. Schoenus complanatus) culms. Leaves of Schoenus are serrate, basal and usually well-developed, but there are some species with leaves reduced to a sheath (e.g. Schoenus gracillimus). Several species are hairy (e.g. Schoenus neovillosus), but in this genus it is not common to have hairs.

Schoenus species


, the Plants of the World Online indicates there are 157 species of Schoenus; however, this does not take into account several taxonomic changes made since 2020 (see sections below).

Bogrushes • Schoenus absconditus Kük. ― Hidden bogrush

• Schoenus achaetus (T.Koyama) T.Koyama

• Schoenus acuminatus R.Br.

• Schoenus andinus (Phil.) H.Pfeiff.

• Schoenus andrewsii W.Fitzg.

• Schoenus antarcticus (Hook.f.) Dusén

• Schoenus apogon Roem. & Schult. ― Smooth bogrush

• Schoenus armeria (Nees) Boeckeler

• Schoenus asperocarpus F.Muell.

• Schoenus badius Rye

• Schoenus benthamii F.Muell.

• Schoenus bifidus (Nees) Boeckeler

• Schoenus biglumis Kük.

• Schoenus breviculmis Benth. ― Matted bogrush

• Schoenus brevifolius R.Br. ― Zig-zag bogrush

• Schoenus brevisetis (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.

• Schoenus caespititius W.Fitzg.

• Schoenus calcatus K.L.Wilson

• Schoenus calostachyus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.

• Schoenus calyptratus Kük. ― Alpine bogrush

• Schoenus capillifolius D.A.Cooke

• Schoenus carsei Cheeseman

• Schoenus centralis Latz

• Schoenus clandestinus S.T.Blake

• Schoenus coultasii Hislop

• Schoenus cruentus (Nees) Benth.

• Schoenus curvulus F.Muell.

• Schoenus cygneus (Nees) Nees

• Schoenus deformis (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.

• Schoenus delicatulus (Fernald) J.Kern

• Schoenus discifer Tate

• Schoenus efoliatus F.Muell.

• Schoenus elegans S.T.Blake

• Schoenus ericetorum R.Br. ― Heath bogrush

• Schoenus evansianus K.L.Wilson

• Schoenus falcatus R.Br. ― Sickle bog-rush

• Schoenus ferrugineus L. ― Brown bog-rush, endemic to Europe

• Schoenus fluitans Hook.f. ― Floating veldrush

• Schoenus globifer Nees

• Schoenus grammatophyllus F.Muell.

• Schoenus griffinianus K.L.Wilson

• Schoenus hexandrus F.Muell. & Tate

• Schoenus humilis Benth.

• Schoenus imberbis R.Br. ― Beardless bogrush

• Schoenus indutus Benth.

• Schoenus insolitus K.L.Wilson

• Schoenus kennyi (F.M.Bailey) S.T.Blake ― Kenny's bog-rush

• Schoenus laevigatus W.Fitzg.

• Schoenus laevinux (Kük.) Ohwi

• Schoenus lanatus Labill.

• Schoenus latelaminatus Kük. ― Medusa bogrush

• Schoenus latitans S.T.Blake

• Schoenus lepidosperma (F.Muell.) K.L.Wilson

• Schoenus loliaceus Kük.

• Schoenus longibracteatus Kük.

• Schoenus lymansmithii M.T.Strong

• Schoenus maschalinus Roem. & Schult. ― Dwarf bogrush

• Schoenus melanostachys R.Br. ― Black bogrush

• Schoenus minutulus F.Muell.

• Schoenus moorei Benth.

• Schoenus multiglumis Benth.

• Schoenus nanus (Nees) Benth. ― Tiny bogrush

• Schoenus natans (F.Muell.) Benth.

• Schoenus neocaledonicus C.B.Clarke

• Schoenus nigricans L. ― Black sedge, cosmopolitan range

• Schoenus nitens (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult. ― Shiny bogrush

• Schoenus nudifructus C.Chen

• Schoenus obtusifolius (Nees) Boeckeler

• Schoenus odontocarpus F.Muell.

• Schoenus ornithopodioides (Kük.) S.T.Blake ― Bird's foot bogrush

• Schoenus pauciflorus (Hook.f.) Hook.f. ― Sedge tussock

• Schoenus pedicellatus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.

• Schoenus pennisetis S.T.Blake

• Schoenus pleiostemoneus F.Muell.

• Schoenus plumosus Rye

• Schoenus punctatus R.Br.

• Schoenus pygmaeus S.T.Blake ― Pigmy bogrush

• Schoenus racemosus J.M.Black ― Branched bogrush

• Schoenus rhynchosporoides (Steud.) Kük.

• Schoenus rigens S.T.Blake

• Schoenus rivularis J.Raynal ex K.L.Wilson

• Schoenus rodwayanus W.Fitzg.

• Schoenus rupicola P.M.Musili & J.J.Bruhl

• Schoenus scabripes Benth.

• Schoenus sculptus (Nees) Boeckeler ― Gimlet foot bogrush

• Schoenus sesquispicula C.B.Clarke

• Schoenus setiformis S.T.Blake

• Schoenus sinensis Hand.-Mazz.

• Schoenus smitinandii T.Koyama

• Schoenus sparteus R.Br. ― Broom bogrush

• Schoenus subaphyllus Kük. ― Desert bogrush

• Schoenus subbarbatus Kük.

• Schoenus subfascicularis Kük.

• Schoenus subflavus Kük.

• Schoenus sublateralis (Steud.) C.B.Clarke

• Schoenus sublaxus Kük.

• Schoenus submicrostachyus Kük.

• Schoenus tendo (Hook.f.) Hook.f.

• Schoenus tenellus Benth.

• Schoenus tenuissimus Benth.

• Schoenus tesquorum J.M.Black

• Schoenus thedae M.D.Barrett & R.L.Barrett

• Schoenus trachycarpus F.Muell.

• Schoenus unispiculatus F.Muell. ex Benth.

• Schoenus vaginatus Benth.

• Schoenus variicellae Rye

• Schoenus villosus R.Br. ― Hairy bogrush

• Schoenus yarrabensis Domin

Several of the species that are currently on the list provided by Plants of the World Online database as of November 2022 have recently been transferred to other genera based on molecular and morphological evidence:


 * Ammothryon grandiflorum (Nees ex Lehm.) R.L.Barrett, K.L.Wilson & J.J.Bruhl = synonym of Schoenus grandiflorus (Nees ex Lehm.) F.Muell.
 * Chaetospora curvifolia R.Br. = synonym of Schoenus curvifolius (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.
 * Chaetospora subbulbosa (Benth.) K.L.Wilson & R.L.Barrett = synonym of Schoenus subbulbosus Benth.
 * Chaetospora turbinata R.Br. = synonym of Schoenus turbinatus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.

Southern African Schoenus
The genus Schoenus includes 44 species from the southern Africa Schoenus clade, which are divided into three main groups.

Veldrushes

Schoenus cuspidatus group • Schoenus auritus (Nees) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Fleshy veldrush

• Schoenus australis T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Southern veldrush

• Schoenus bolusii (C.B.Clarke) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Spotted veldrush

• Schoenus brunnescens ― Brown veldrush

• Schoenus calceolus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Limestone veldrush

• Schoenus compactus (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Congested veldrush

• Schoenus crassiculmis (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Succulent veldrush

• Schoenus crassus (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Robust veldrush

• Schoenus cuspidatus Rottb. ― Sharp veldrush

• Schoenus exilis (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Small veldrush

• Schoenus galpinii (Schönland & Turrill) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Mountain veldrush

• Schoenus graciliculmis T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Delicate veldrush

• Schoenus graminifolius (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Grassleaf veldrush

• Schoenus inconspicuus ― Hidden veldrush

• Schoenus ligulatus Kuntze ― Strap veldrush

• Schoenus limosus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Muddy veldrush

• Schoenus loreus ― Flatleaf veldrush

• Schoenus prophyllus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Bract veldrush

• Schoenus purpurascens T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Purple veldrush

• Schoenus quartziticus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Quartz veldrush

• Schoenus riparius T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― River veldrush

• Schoenus submarginalis T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Marginal veldrush

Epischoenus group • Schoenus adnatus (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Flat veldrush

• Schoenus complanatus (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Flat veldrush

• Schoenus crinitus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Downy veldrush

• Schoenus dregeanus (Boeckeler) Kuntze ― Slim veldrush

• Schoenus gracillimus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Slender veldrush

• Schoenus lucidus (C.B.Clarke) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Bright veldrush

• Schoenus neovillosus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Hairy veldrush

• Schoenus quadrangularis Boeckeler ― Square veldrush

• Schoenus rigidus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Ridge veldrush

• Schoenus schonlandii (Turrill) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Eastern veldrush

• Schoenus selinae T.L.Elliott, Muthaphuli & Muasya ― Auricle veldrush Schoenus compar - Schoenus pictus group • Schoenus albovaginatus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Whitesheath veldrush

• Schoenus arenicola T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Sand veldrush

• Schoenus aureus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Gold veldrush

• Schoenus compar L. ― Ivory veldrush

• Schoenus comparoides T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Foothill veldrush

• Schoenus megacarpus T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Bignut veldrush

• Schoenus pictus (Boeckeler) Kuntze ― Yellow veldrush

• Schoenus pseudoloreus (Kük.) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Eared veldrush

• Schoenus triticoides T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Wheat veldrush

Unplaced species • Schoenus bracteosus (C.B.Clarke) T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Bristleglume veldrush

• Schoenus filiculmis T.L.Elliott & Muasya ― Wiry veldrush

Synonyms (yet to be incorporated in Plants of the World Online database)
 * Schoenus adnatus (Levyns) T.L.Elliott & Muasya = synonym of Schoenus tenuellus T.L.Elliott & Muasya