Sebastián Izquierdo

Sebastián Izquierdo (29 January 1601 – 20 February 1681) was a Spanish philosopher and Jesuit, considered a pioneer in the fields of combinatorics and mathematical logic.

Biography
Sebastián Izquierdo was born on 29 January 1601 at Alcaraz, in the Castilian province of Albacete. He joined the Jesuits on November 17, 1623 and studied at the Jesuit college in Alcalá de Henares and the prestigious Colegio Imperial de Madrid. He taught Philosophy and Theology at Alcalá, Murcia and Madrid and became Rector of the colleges of Murcia and Madrid. The environment at these colleges was brimming with renewed interest in the work of the Catalonian philosopher Ramon Llull emphasizing theoretical mathematics, combinatorics, and methodology of science. In 1659, he published in Lyon his monumental philosophical work Pharus scientiarum (The Lighthouse of Sciences), which was widely disseminated throughout Europe. Two years later, he left for Rome in order to attend the eleventh General Congregation of the Society of Jesus, at which time he was named assistant to the Superior General for Spain and the West Indies. In Rome he befriended among others the well-known German polymath Athanasius Kircher. In 1664 he published there the first part of his Opus Teologicum, and in 1670 the second part. He died in Rome on 20 February 1681.

Philosophy
Although Izquierdo is virtually forgotten nowadays, he was an important figure 17th-century philosophy. Izquierdo was a follower of the Spanish medieval philosopher Ramon Llull. He was also strongly influenced by Bacon's empiricism. In his Pharus scientiarum he emphasized the need for a universal science that could be valid for all human knowledge (scientia de scientia or arte general del saber). It would be akin to the manner in which the Lullian Ars Magna was applicable to the entire ladder of creation. At the same time, Izquierdo advocated mathematizing the ars lulliana, and in the course of his exposition illustrates how Llull's letter combinations could be replaced by number combinations. According to Izquierdo only the mathematization of the Lullian ars combinandi could make it possible to create that unique instrument of all the sciences 'by means of which the edifice of science can be constructed and can grow infinitely'. The German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher, influenced by the Pharus scientiarum, wrote his immense Ars magna sciendi an attempt to make the Lullian Ars a "science of science" suitable for the preparation of an encyclopedia of all human knowledge.

Historians of mathematics remember Izquierdo especially in connection with combinatorics, to which he devoted Disputation 29 (De Combinatione). He was the first to discuss the number of k-combinations from a given set of n elements. Izquierdo influenced several contemporary philosophers, such as the Spanish Juan Caramuel and Tomás Vicente Tosca and the German Gaspar Knittel and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; the latter, in particular, quoted the Disputatio de Combinatione, in his De Arte Combinatoria (1666). The Disputatio 29 «De Combinatione», was rescued from oblivion and studied in depth by the Jesuit historian of philosophy Ramón Ceñal, who not only translated it from Latin but also carried out an exhaustive study of it published by the Instituto de España.

Works
A prolific author, Izquierdo wrote philosophical, theological and ascetic works.
 * Theses de Immaculata Conceptione, Alcalá, 1658.
 * Practica de los Exercicios Espirituales de Nuestro Padre San Ignacio. En Roma 1665, 1675.
 * Consideraciones de los cuatro Novísimos del Hombre: Muerte, Juicio, Infierno y Gloria, Rome, 1672.
 * Medios necessarios para la Salvación. Rome, 1674.
 * Practica de los Exercicios Espirituales de Nuestro Padre San Ignacio. En Roma 1665, 1675.
 * Consideraciones de los cuatro Novísimos del Hombre: Muerte, Juicio, Infierno y Gloria, Rome, 1672.
 * Medios necessarios para la Salvación. Rome, 1674.
 * Medios necessarios para la Salvación. Rome, 1674.