Sedad Hakkı Eldem

Sedad Hakkı Eldem (31 August 1908, Constantinople – 7 September 1988, Istanbul), was a Turkish architect and one of the pioneers of nationalized modern architecture in Turkey.

Biography
Eldem was born in Istanbul in 1908. He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts department of Architecture. Between 1931 and 1932 he travelled to France, England and Germany with a scholarship from the academy. In 1932 he opened his own office and started teaching at the Academy of Fine Arts, which he continued until his retirement in 1978. In 1934 he worked for the National Architecture Seminar in Turkey, which was a disaster for him, because of the discussions between modern architecture and traditional architecture. In 1938 he designed the Turkish Pavilion in New York Exhibition. Eldem represented the Turkey at the International Union of Architects in Lozan in 1948, after the Second World War. The same year, Eldem also worked with his colleague Emin Onat on the Istanbul Justice Palace. He worked on the proportions and architecture of Ottoman domestic houses, and 18th and 19th century palaces and mansions. He was known as a role model and pioneer of reinterpreting classical Ottoman patterns in modern architecture. He was a part of the Former Artifacts Maintaintenance Council (Eski Eserleri Muhafaza Encümeni) between 1941 and 1945 and also a part of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Monument Real Estate (Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu) between 1962 and 1978.

His goal was to nationalize modern architecture. He believed that the International Style of architecture should not be applied everywhere and that some aspects should be changed, considering the national and domestic texture.

He won the international Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986 for the Zeyrek Social Security Facilities.

He died on 7 September 1988 in Istanbul.

Architecture
Eldem's architecture essentially has four main periods. The first of them, between 1928 and 1934, is known for the instability of his work. After that, the second period is popular with modern trials on Ottoman architectural organization. The time frame of this period spans from 1934 until 1952. The third period of his architecture, from 1952 to 1962, has lost its Ottoman influence and looks more modernized. The last era of Eldem's architecture is known for his double approach on projects. This final period started in 1962, and lasted until his death in 1988.


 * The years between 1928 and 1934 are defined as preparation years for Eldem. During these years the architect worked in Istanbul, Paris and Berlin but none of his architecture remains. The only structure that was built in that period was a temporary Turkish pavilion for the Budapest Exhibition in 1931. This structure gives us few clues about his searching in architecture. While Eldem had tried almost every approach popular in these years, he also tried to combine them even if they were all contradictory. He even used parts of different architectural elements in one design. For example, one of his trials in Paris, the embassy project, has Auguste Perret impressions in details, whereas its planimetry has traditional middle "sofa" and "Eyvan" elements that usually belong to Turkish architecture. The architect was also inspired by a scheme peculiar to Iran and the Middle East, named Cihar-bağ. At the same time he studied the styles of Art Deco, Le Corbusier, Hoffmann, Olbrich, Tessenow and Webb. Despite this and his instability of style, he never abandoned his research into traditional and domestic Ottoman civil architecture. He made use of all styles as much as they compromise with traditional architecture. Styles that do not overlap with domestic architecture were not used.
 * Returning from Europe to Istanbul did not affect Eldem's instability of architectural style. His first examples in Istanbul show different elements. Ceylan Apartment (1933) has traits of Art Deco, S.A.T.İ.E. Store and Administration Building (1934) has features of International Style, while Firdevs Hanım House (1934) has elements of Le Corbusier. However all of the imaginary projects in Europe give their places to realistic projects in Istanbul even if they are not built. Instead of large, fancy mansions, at that time there were modest houses and buildings published in the journal Arkitekt.
 * The instability period of the architect ends with his Yalova Thermal Hotel (1934–1937) and Ağaoğlu House (1936–1937) projects. These projects also mark the beginning of a new era of Eldem's architecture. He started to become well known in Turkey for his architecture and approach to modern architecture. Yalova Thermal Hotel was the first nationalized modern work in Turkey. In these years, there was discussion about interpretation in modern architecture. Eldem was one of the pioneers defending the idea of nationalized modern architecture.
 * From 1934 to 1952 Eldem worked on some trials on traditional Ottoman houses' plan organizations and exterior elements in more modernized ways. These works are connected with his historiographical research. Eventually he tried to "invent the tradition" in modern aspects of his time. For example, Ağaoğlu House was designed with an elliptical type of "sofa", Safyurtlu House (1942) with a middle type of "sofa" and Ayaşlı Mansion (1938) designed with a karnıyarık ('split out from the middle') type of "sofa". Some of his projects had strong connections between international style and domestic tradition; on the other hand, traditional Turkish elements stay in the background as just little touches. For example, Taşlık Coffee House (1947–1948) was designed with a T-shaped plan which is a traditional scheme, and international elements kept to a minimum. However, Admiral Bristol Hospital and Nursing House (1943) only looks national from the outside, whereas the faculty buildings of Ankara University (1943–1945) and Istanbul University (1942–1947) were inspired by Nazi Germany. The Turkish part of these mass buildings is hidden in the details.
 * Between 1952 and 1962 Eldem's architecture kept Ottoman civil architectural characteristics to a minimum. Florya Facilities (1955–1959) and Rıza Derviş House (1956–1957) were built with more likely rationalized modernist style. Also that impact known by the name of "California modern". Istanbul Hilton Hotel's (1952–1955) design shows us almost nothing about Eldem's architecture. In that process the hotel owes its standard American view to Skidmore, Owings & Merrill - SOM (Gordon Bunshaft) despite Eldem. Second Safyurtlu House (1952) being a successful example of American flort.
 * The years after 1960 were known as Eldem's and the Republic of Turkey's leaping and changing years. The architect has two different approaches in these years. The first is heroic and monumental, moving away from a traditional and domestic perspective, like the Akbank Administration Building and Ayazağa Office Buildings. The other approach looks more liikr Eldem's: eclectic and different trials on Ottoman civil architecture give way to a vocabulary that is Eldem's own. For example, a horizontal roof line, wide canopies, and well-proportioned windows and cantilevers are features used in the designs of Zeyrek Social Security Facilities (1962–1964), India Embassy Residence (1965–1968), Kıraç Mansion (1965), Sirer Mansion (1966–1967) etc.

List of significant works

 * First period of his architecture (1928–1934)
 * 1931: Turkish Pavilion in Budapest Exhibition, Budapest
 * 1932: Ceylan Apartment in Taksim, Istanbul
 * 1932: S.A.T.İ.E. Store and Administration Building in Fındıklı, Istanbul
 * 1934: Firdevs Hanım Apartment in Maçka, Istanbul
 * 1934: Thermal Hotel in Yalova
 * 1936: Ağaoğlu House in Teşvikiye, Istanbul
 * Second period of his architecture (1934–1952)
 * 1938: Ayaşlı Mansion in Beylerbeyi, Istanbul
 * 1942: Safyurtlu Villa in Beşevler, Ankara
 * 1942: Istanbul University, Faculty of Science in Beyazit, Istanbul
 * 1943: Ankara University, Faculty of Science in Beşeveler, Ankara
 * 1943: Admiral Bristol Hospital and Nursing House in Teşvikiye, Istanbul
 * 1947: Taşlık Coffee House in Maçka, Istanbul
 * Third period of his architecture (1952–1962)
 * 1952: Second Safyurtlu House in Yeniköy, Istanbul
 * 1955: Florya Facilities in Florya, Istanbul
 * 1955: Istanbul Hilton, Istanbul (in collaboration with Gordon Bunshaft in SOM)
 * 1956: Rıza Derviş House in Büyükada, Istanbul
 * 1956: Uşaklıgil House in Emirgan, Istanbul
 * Fourth period of his architecture (1962–and after)
 * 1960: India Embassy Residence in Cinnah Street, Ankara
 * 1962: Social Security Facilities in Zeyrek, Istanbul
 * 1964: Siner Mansion in Yeniköy, Istanbul
 * 1965: Kıraç Mansion in Vaniköy, Istanbul
 * 1966: Akbank Administration Building in Fındıklı, Istanbul
 * 1973: Netherlands Embassy in Ankara
 * 1975: Koç House in Tarabya, Istanbul