Sempervivoideae

Sempervivoideae is the largest of three subfamilies in the Saxifragales family Crassulaceae, with about 20–30 genera with succulent leaves. Unlike the two smaller subfamilies, it is distributed in temperate climates. The largest genus in this subfamily is Sedum, with about 470 species.

Description
Succulent leaved plants. Unlike the other two smaller subfamilies, which are highly derived, Sempervivoideae retain the basic features of the family Crassulaceae. The Sempervivoideae contain many familiar horticultural plants, such as Sedum.

Taxonomy
Sempervivoideae has taxonomic priority over its synonym, Sedoideae, and is related to the other Crassulaceae subfamilies, as shown in this cladogram, although Messerschmid and colleagues (2020) state that these three subfamily clades are successive sisters, rather than Sempervivoideae being a direct sister only to Kalanchoideae.

Subdivisions
Six clades within the Subfamily Sempervivoideae have been segregated into five tribes with about thirty genera.

The composition of the five tribes are: (number of genera/species);
 * Telephieae (6/50)
 * Umbiliceae (4/100)
 * Semperviveae (2/75)
 * Aeonieae (3/70)
 * Sedeae (7/520)

and their relationship is shown in the cladogram:

However, given the difficulty of establishing a stable classification, some authors prefer larger groupings, e.g.;
 * Telephinae (Telephieae, Umbilicieae)
 * Sedinae (Semperviveae, Aeonieae, Sedeae)

Alternatively, Messerschmid and colleagues (2020), based on the largest analysis of subfamily taxa, propose the following clade structure (with tribes) and number of genera, species;
 * Telephium (Telephieae, Umbiliceae) 9, 160
 * Sempervivum (Semperviveae) 3, 60
 * Aeonium (Aeonieae) 4, 67 (+ Sedum p.p. 8 sp.)
 * Leucosedum (Sedeae p.p.) 6,80 (+ Sedum p.p. 120 sp.)
 * Acre (Sedeae p.p.) 7, 205 (+ Sedum p.p. 345 sp.)

In this analysis, these clades and tribes were related as shown in this cladogram;

Semperviviae, Aeonieae and Sedeae are definable only by plesiomorphic features, with their genera all derived from within Sedum. Segregates of Sedum occur in each of these, but lack sufficient features to allow them to be allocated to definitive genera.

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 * valign=top|Sedum spectabile - blossom top (aka).jpg''|alt=Hylotelephium spectabile, the showy stonecrop]]
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Telephium clade
This monophyletic clade is sister to the remainder of the Sempervivoideae subfamily, and its three sublineages, Telephiae, Phedimus/Rhodiola and Umbilicus form a polytomy with the rest of the subfamily.

Telephieae tribe ('t Hart) Ohba and Thiede ined.
The Telephieae genera consist of former infrageneric taxa of Sedum, and are distributed primarily in East Asia, but with a few species found in Europe and N America (Hylotelphium). Defined by 5-merous flowers, free petals, flat, dentate leaves and tuberous roots or thickened rhizomes. Leaves usually in rosettes, except Hylotelephium, petals often spotted, autumn flowering. The taxonomy remains unstable, with species Orostachys embedded within both Meterostachys and Hylotelephium. Neither Hylotelphium nor Orostachys are considered monophyletic. But of the two sections of the genus, section Appendiculatae appears monophyletic and sister to Meterostachys. Kungia is a segregate of a non-monophyletic Orostachys and appears to be a sister to Sinocrassula.

It is likely that diversification of the tribe occurred at the time of the formation of the Himalayas. Telephiae contains about 6 genera, with about 48–50 species, including:


 * Hylotelephium H.Ohba c. 27–30 sp., N hemisphere
 * Kungia K.T.Fu 2 sp., SW China
 * Meterostachys Nakai c. 1 sp., E Asia
 * Orostachys Fisch. c. 5–15 sp, C-E Asia
 * Sinocrassula A.Berger c. 3–7 sp., Himalaya
 * Perrierosedum (A.Berger) H.Ohba incertae sedis c. 1 sp., Madagascar


 * valign=top|Umbilicus intermedius 1.JPG''|alt=Umbilicus intermedius, the common pennywort]]
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Umbiliceae tribe Meisn.
The Umbeliceae occur mainly in temperate areas of Asia, flowering in spring to early summer, with about 4−5 genera and 100 species. The tribe consists of two subclades. The first, Phedimus/Rhodiola, includes Phedimus, Rhodiola and Pseudosedum. The latter has been included within Rhodiola, or treated as sister to that genus. Aizopsis is included by some authors in Phedimus. This subclade contains about 88 species found predominantly in Asia, but some species of Phedimus and Rhodiola in Europe and some Rhodiola in N America.

The second is the genus Umbilicus with about 13 species, distributed in the Mediterranean, Macaronesia, SW Asia, Arabia and north to east Africa.

These genera are among those that have been segregated from Sedum, including:


 * Aizopsis Grulich
 * Phedimus Raf. c. 18–20 sp., Asia, Europe
 * Pseudosedum A.Berger c. 10–12 sp., C Asia
 * Rhodiola L. c. 58–60 sp., Himalaya, Siberia, Europe, N America
 * Umbilicus DC.


 * valign=top|Sedum rupestre 01 ies.jpg''|alt=Petrosedum rupestre]]
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Petrosedum clade
The phylogenetic relatpionships of the Petrosedum clade are not fully resolved, and hence is unplaced, due to discordance in molecular marker analyses. In plastid phylogeny, it is one of the successive sister clades to the remainder of Sempervivoideae, without Telephium. But in Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogeny Petrosedum is sister to Aeonium, with Sempervivum/Jovibarba closest to Sedeae. Previously it had been placed within Sempervivum/Jovibarba. All species of Sedum series Rupestria A.Berger belong in this clade. This series has been elevated to genus rank as Petrosedum, but Sedum series Nana also belongs to this segregated genus, or is at least sister to Petrosedum in this clade. Petrosedum as constituted from series Rupestria consists of 14 species from Europe, the Levant and N Africa. With the inclusion of series Nana from the Near East a further 9–12 species are included in the clade. As such the clade consists of a single genus;
 * Petrosedum Grulich c. 23–26 sp. Euro-Mediterranean


 * valign=top|Sempervivum ciliosum 01.jpg''|alt=Sempervivum tectorum, the common houseleek]]
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Sempervivum/Jovibarba clade (Semperviveae tribe Dumort. )
Semperviveae have acuminate leaves and polymerous flowers. Two genera, derived from within Sedum, c. 275 species. Earlier treatments considered Jovibarba a section of Sempervivum but has subsequently been demonstrated to be a separate genus. Petrosedum was originally also included in this clade. The two genera are oreophytes and occur predominantly in western Eurasian mountainous regions.


 * Jovibarba (DC.) Opiz c. 2 sp.
 * Sempervivum L. c. 46 sp.


 * valign=top|Aeonium aureum (≡ Greenovia. aurea) (Marianne Perdomo) 1.jpg''|alt=Aeonium aureum]]
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Aeonium clade (Aeonieae tribe) Thiede ined.
Aeonieae (also referred to as the GAMA clade, for Greenovia, Aeonium, Monanthes and Aichryson), whose distribution is primarily Macaronesia, have polymerous flowers, and include genera derived from within Sedum. The clade includes four genera, including the monotypic Hypagophytum previously thought to be part of subfamily Crassuloideae, and about 64–70 species. It also includes about eight species of Sedum from three series (Monanthoidea, Caerulea, Pubescens) in northwest Africa and one species on Mediterranean islands. However Monanthes and Aeonium appear not to be monophyletic;


 * Aeonium Webb & Berthel. (including Greenovia Webb ) 39 sp. Macaronesia, Morocco, E Africa
 * Aichryson Webb & Berthel. 15 sp. Macaronesia
 * Hypagophytum A.Berger 1 sp. Ethiopia
 * Monanthes Haw. 10 sp. Macaronesia
 * Sedum L. 8 sp. NW Africa


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Sedeae Fr.
Sedeae is the largest tribe of these and has been considered as consisting of two sister clades, Leucosedum and Acre. It contains about 12 genera, mainly derived from within Sedum, and 520 species. While the larger Acre clade is relatively robust, Leucosedum remains paraphyletic. In the largest study of this tribe, four polytomous clades are identified, of which the largest is Acre. Of the remaining three, Rosularia, usually included in Leucosedum, is the smallest. In the remaining two clades, the species of Sedum belong to subgenus Gormania, defined morphologically. Among the other genera, Dudleya and Sedella form a subclade.
 * valign=top|2017-06-17-14.05.23 ZS PMax Dudleya caespitosa-1 - Flickr - John Rusk.jpg''|alt=Dudleya caespitosa, the sea lettuce]]
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Leucosedum clade
Genera derived from European and Mediterranean Sedum subg. Gormania, with two western North American genera (Dudleya, Sedella, which are sister genera). This clade has the largest topological discordance between the phylogenies defined by ITS and plastid markers. The genera included are:


 * Rosularia (DC.) Stapf c. 20 sp., E Europe, Himalaya, Altai
 * Dudleya Britton & Rose N America
 * Sedella Britton & Rose N America
 * Afrovivella A.Berger
 * Pistorinia DC. Mediterranean
 * Prometheum (A.Berger) H.Ohba c. 8 sp., N Greece, SW Asia
 * (Sedum)


 * valign=top|Echeveria agavoides 01.jpg''|alt=Echeveria agavoides]]
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Acre clade
The seven genera, including Sedum subgenus Sedum, include 500 species. Villadia, Echeveria and Graptopetalum are non-monophyletic:


 * Echeveria DC.
 * Graptopetalum Rose
 * Lenophyllum Rose c. 7 sp.
 * Pachyphytum Link, Klotzsch & Otto
 * Thompsonella Britton & Rose
 * Villadia Rose
 * Sedum L. c. 470 sp. N hemisphere, S. America, N Africa


 * }

Genera
Many of the genera in this subfamily have been considered non-monophyletic. Other than the Sempervivum clade, Sedum has never formed a monophyletic group, but rather is scattered through the remaining clades, and thus is highly polyphyletic (or paraphyletic). This has been referred to as the "Sedum problem". Given the monophyly demonstrated for Aeonieae and Semperviveae (as quite distinct from Sedeae), it has been recommended that those species of Sedum originally found in those tribes, be removed from the genus and reassigned. This includes Sedum series Rupestria from Semperviveae, but collectively account for only a small fraction of the genus. While restricting Sedum to Sedeae simplifies the infrafamilial structure of the genus, its species remain distributed within both clades of this tribe. Sedum, with about 470 species, is by far the largest (and most problematic) genus within the subfamily, and the family Crassulaceae.

Evolution and biogeography
There is no known fossil record of Crassulaceae. The Crassulaceae family evolved approximately 100 million years ago (mya) in southern Africa with the two most basal phylogenetic branches (Crassula, Kalanchoe) representing the predominantly southern African members. Divergence times are shown in Cladogram III. The family had a gradual evolution, with a basal split between Crassuloideae and the rest of the family (Kalanchoideae, Sempervivoideae) at 82 mya, and Sempervivoideae splitting from Kalanchoideae at 71 mya. The Sempervivoideae subsequently dispersed north to the Mediterranean region, and from there to Eastern Europe and Asia (Sempervivum and Leucosedum clades), with multiple groups spreading over the three continents of the Northern Hemisphere. The Telephium clade splitting from the rest of the subfamily at 66 mya. This was followed by the Petrosedum and Aeonium clades at 56 mya and Sempervivum/Jovibarda at 52 mya. The remaining two clades, constituting Sedeae (Leucosedum and Acre) separating from each other at 48 mya. Two lineages from the European Crassulaceae eventually dispersed to North America and underwent subsequent diversification. The Aeonium clade dispersed from northern Africa to adjacent Macaronesia.

Books

 * (full text at ResearchGate)
 * (full text at ResearchGate)

Websites

 * , in Flora of China online vol. 8
 * , in Flora of China online vol. 8