Sensitivity (electronics)

The sensitivity of an electronic device, such as a communications system receiver, or detection device, such as a PIN diode, is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria. In general, it is the signal level required for a particular quality of received information.

In signal processing, sensitivity also relates to bandwidth and noise floor.

Sensitivity is sometimes improperly used as a synonym for responsivity.

Electroacoustics
The sensitivity of a microphone is usually expressed as the sound field strength in decibels (dB) relative to 1 V/Pa (Pa = N/m2) or as the transfer factor in millivolts per pascal (mV/Pa) into an open circuit or into a 1 kiloohm load.

The sensitivity of a loudspeaker is usually expressed as dB / 2.83 VRMS at 1 metre. This is not the same as the electrical efficiency; see Efficiency vs sensitivity.

The sensitivity of a hydrophone is usually expressed as dB re 1 V/μPa.

Receivers
Sensitivity in a receiver, such a radio receiver, indicates its capability to extract information from a weak signal, quantified as the lowest signal level that can be useful. It is mathematically defined as the minimum input signal $$S_i$$ required to produce a specified signal-to-noise S/N ratio at the output port of the receiver and is defined as the mean noise power at the input port of the receiver times the minimum required signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver:


 * $$S_i = k(T_a+T_{rx})B \; \cdot \; \frac{S_o}{N_o}$$

where
 * $$S_i$$ = sensitivity [W]
 * $$k$$ = Boltzmann constant
 * $$T_a$$ = equivalent noise temperature in [K] of the source (e.g. antenna) at the input of the receiver
 * $$T_{rx}$$ = equivalent noise temperature in [K] of the receiver referred to the input of the receiver
 * $$B$$ = bandwidth [Hz]
 * $$\frac{S_o}{N_o}$$ = Required SNR at output [-]

The same formula can also be expressed in terms of noise factor of the receiver as


 * $$ S_i = N_i \;\cdot\; F \;\cdot\; SNR_o = k T_a B \;\cdot\; F \;\cdot\; SNR_o $$

where
 * $$F$$ = noise factor
 * $$N_i$$ = input noise power
 * $$SNR_o$$ = required SNR at output.

Because receiver sensitivity indicates how faint an input signal can be to be successfully received by the receiver, the lower power level, the better. Lower power for a given S/N ratio means better sensitivity since the receiver's contribution is smaller. When the power is expressed in dBm the larger the absolute value of the negative number, the better the receive sensitivity. For example, a receiver sensitivity of −98 dBm is better than a receive sensitivity of −95 dBm by 3 dB, or a factor of two. In other words, at a specified data rate, a receiver with a −98 dBm sensitivity can hear signals that are half the power of those heard by a receiver with a −95 dBm receiver sensitivity.