Soham (Sanskrit)

Soham or Sohum (सो ऽहम्  ) is a Hindu mantra, meaning "I am" in Sanskrit.

In Vedic philosophy it means identifying Brahman with the universe or ultimate Brahman.

The mantra is also inverted from ' (the sandhi of ') to . The combination of  has also been interpreted as "I am Swan", where the swan symbolizes the Atman.

Etymology
The term  is related to, and the phrase translates to "I am", according to Monier-Williams. Interpreted as a nominal sentence, it can also be read as "I am the absolute" or "Great truth". The term is found in Vedic literature, and is a phrase that identifies "One with the universe or the ultimate one reality".

History
This phrase is found in Principal Upanishads such as the Isha Upanishad (verse 16), which ends:


 * (...) तेजो यत्ते रूपं कल्याणतमं तत्ते पश्यामि योऽसावसौ पुरुषः सोऽहमस्मि ॥१६॥
 * "The light which is thy fairest form, I see it. I am what that is " (trans. Max Müller)
 * "The light which is thy fairest form, I see it. I am what that is " (trans. Max Müller)

Soham, or "I am That", is very common in ancient and medieval literature. Some examples include:

Upanishads


 * Sannyasa Upanishads such as Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad, Nirvana Upanishad, Ashrama Upanishad, Maitreya Upanishad and Satyayaniya Upanishad.
 * Yoga Upanishads such as Dhyanabindu Upanishad and Yogashikha Upanishad
 * Hamsa Upanishad

Tantras


 * Gandharva Tantra
 * Kali Tantra
 * Kularnava Tantra
 * Mahanirvana Tantra
 * Niruttara Tantra

Stotras


 * Bhaja Gaureesam
 * Gowresa Ashtakam
 * Shakthi Mahimnah Stotram
 * Tripurasundari Vijaya Sthava

Adi Shankara's Vakya Vritti subsequent works in the Nath tradition foundational for Hatha yoga.

as well as the classical yoga treatises Gheranda Samhita   and Shiva Samhita all make mention of soham and hamsa describing its significance and when teaching uniformly teaches So on inhalation and ham on exhalation.
 * Matsyendranath's Yogavishaya
 * Gorakshanath's Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati
 * Gorakshanath's Yoga Bija
 * Gorakshanath's Goraksha Shataka
 * Jñāndev's Lakhota
 * Jñāndev's Yogapar Abhangamala
 * foundational for Swara yoga the original script Shiva Svarodaya

This traditional practice in its several forms and its background is described in numerous other books.

Hamsa
Swami Muktananda - although teaching the traditional So on inhalation and ham on exhalation as a letter from 1968 to Franklin Jones reveals - later published a book teaching Ham on inhalation and sa on exhalation. This practice is described in several later books all referring to Muktananda.

The teaching of Ham on inhalation and sa on exhalation is allegedly alluded to in a text of Kaśmir Śaivism, the Vijnana Bhairava:

"Air is exhaled with the sound SA and inhaled with the sound HAM. Then reciting of the mantra HAMSA is continuous"

- Vijnana Bhairava

However, this verse 155b is not found in the Vijnana Bhairava first published in 1918 in the Kashmir Series of Text and Studies but is quoted from a commentary by the Abhinavagupta disciple Kṣemarāja in his Shiva Sutra Vimarshini (commentary on the Shiva Sutras) in later editions of Vijnana Bhairava.

Yoga
When used for meditation, "Sohum" acts as a natural mantra to control one's breathing pattern, to help achieve deep breath, and to gain concentration.


 * Sooooo... is the sound of inhalation, and is remembered in the mind along with that inhalation.
 * Hummmm... is the sound of exhalation, and is remembered in the mind along with that exhalation.

Soham is also considered a mantra in Tantrism and Kriya Yoga, known also as Ajapa mantra, Ajapa Gayatri, Hamsa Gayatri, Hamsa mantra, prana mantra, Shri Paraprasada mantra, paramatma-mantra, and as such used notably on its own, in the meditation practice ajapa japa and in the kriya practice shabda sanchalana.