Solano language

Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in the neighboring U.S. state of Texas. It is a possible language isolate.

Background
Solano is known only from a 21-word vocabulary list that appears at the end of a 1703–1708 baptism book from the San Francisco Solano Mission, which hosted at least four different peoples, including the Xarame, Payuguan, Papanac, and Siaguan. Supposedly the language is of the Indians of this mission – perhaps the Terocodame band cluster. The Solano peoples are associated with the 18th-century missions near Eagle Pass, Texas.

Word list
The 21 known Solano words, as reproduced in Swanton (1940), are:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! Solano !! English
 * aapag || yes
 * apam || water
 * genin, genint || three
 * hikomeya, hycomeya || is she your sister?
 * hipayō, hypayô || to wish; Spanish: quiere (?)
 * kainika, cainica || tortilla
 * krisen, crisen; krigen, crigen || bad
 * nabaog || I am hungry
 * naha || mother
 * namō || eat it
 * nikaog, nicaog || meat
 * no || fur
 * paam || there is none
 * papam || father
 * saath || four
 * sieh || give me
 * sihik, sihic || tobacco
 * sopaam || sister
 * soyā || brother
 * tciene, chiene || salt
 * taapam || there are
 * }
 * no || fur
 * paam || there is none
 * papam || father
 * saath || four
 * sieh || give me
 * sihik, sihic || tobacco
 * sopaam || sister
 * soyā || brother
 * tciene, chiene || salt
 * taapam || there are
 * }
 * sihik, sihic || tobacco
 * sopaam || sister
 * soyā || brother
 * tciene, chiene || salt
 * taapam || there are
 * }
 * tciene, chiene || salt
 * taapam || there are
 * }
 * }

Lexical comparison
Below is a comparison of selected words from Zamponi (2024). There are no obvious cognates with other neighboring languages.


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! language !! father !! four !! meat !! mother !! three !! water
 * Solano || papam || saath || nikaog || naha || genin || hipayō
 * Lipan Apache || -ʔaaší || dínínɁí || -cinin || -Ɂ-nándí || káíɁí || kó
 * Coahuilteco || -xana·y || puwa·nc̉an || aha·wh || -ta·y || axtikpil || wan
 * Comecrudo || mawiʹs || nawuiʹ || eweʹ, kai || maʹt, te || ̉yiʹy || aʹx̣
 * Tonkawa || ʔewas, ta·taʔ || sikit || ʔawas || xʔay, ʔesaʔ || metis || ʔa·x
 * Proto-Uto-Aztecan || *na, *ta(ta), *ʔok || *mako’ || *tuhku, *waʔi || *ye, *nan || *pahi || *pa
 * }
 * Comecrudo || mawiʹs || nawuiʹ || eweʹ, kai || maʹt, te || ̉yiʹy || aʹx̣
 * Tonkawa || ʔewas, ta·taʔ || sikit || ʔawas || xʔay, ʔesaʔ || metis || ʔa·x
 * Proto-Uto-Aztecan || *na, *ta(ta), *ʔok || *mako’ || *tuhku, *waʔi || *ye, *nan || *pahi || *pa
 * }
 * Proto-Uto-Aztecan || *na, *ta(ta), *ʔok || *mako’ || *tuhku, *waʔi || *ye, *nan || *pahi || *pa
 * }