Spin stiffness

The spin stiffness or spin rigidity is a constant which represents the change in the ground state energy of a spin system as a result of introducing a slow in-plane twist of the spins. The importance of this constant is in its use as an indicator of quantum phase transitions—specifically in models with metal-insulator transitions such as Mott insulators. It is also related to other topological invariants such as the Berry phase and Chern numbers as in the Quantum Hall effect.

Mathematically
Mathematically it can be defined by the following equation:
 * $$\rho_s = \cfrac{\partial^2}{\partial \theta^2}\cfrac{E_0(\theta)}{N}|_{\theta = 0} $$

where $$E_0$$ is the ground state energy, $$\theta$$ is the twisting angle, and N is the number of lattice sites.

Spin stiffness of the Heisenberg model
Start off with the simple Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian:


 * $$H_\mathrm{Heisenberg} = -J \sum_{} \left[S_i^z S_j^z + \cfrac{1}{2}(S_i^+ S_j^- + S_i^- S_j^+)\right]$$

Now we introduce a rotation in the system at site i by an angle θi around the z-axis:


 * $$S_i^+ \longrightarrow S_i^+e^{i \theta_i}$$
 * $$S_i^- \longrightarrow S_i^-e^{-i \theta_i}$$

Plugging these back into the Heisenberg Hamiltonian:


 * $$H(\theta_{ij}) = -J \sum_{} \left[S_i^z S_j^z + \cfrac{1}{2}(S_i^+e^{i\theta_i} S_j^-e^{-i\theta_j} + S_i^-e^{-i\theta_i} S_j^+e^{i\theta_j})\right]$$

now let θij = θi - θj and expand around θij = 0 via a MacLaurin expansion only keeping terms up to second order in θij


 * $$H \approx H_\mathrm{Heisenberg} - J \sum_{} \left[\theta_{ij}J_{ij}^{(s)} - \cfrac{1}{2}\theta_{ij}^2 T_{ij}^{(s)}\right]$$

where the first term is independent of θ and the second term is a perturbation for small θ.


 * $$J_{ij}^{s} = \cfrac{i}{2}(S_i^+ S_j^- - S_i^- S_j^+)      $$ is the z-component of the spin current operator
 * $$T_{ij} = \cfrac{1}{2}(S_i^+ S_j^- + S_i^- S_j^+)          $$  is the "spin kinetic energy"

Consider now the case of identical twists, θx only that exist along nearest neighbor bonds along the x-axis. Then since the spin stiffness is related to the difference in the ground state energy by


 * $$E(\theta) - E(0) = N\rho_s\theta_x^2$$

then for small θx and with the help of second order perturbation theory we get:


 * $$\rho_s = \cfrac{1}{N} \left[ \cfrac{1}{2}\langle T_x \rangle + \sum_{\nu \neq 0} \cfrac{ | \langle 0| j_x^{(s)}|\nu\rangle |^2 }{E_{\nu} - E_0}\right]$$