Spiral antenna



A spiral antenna is a type of radio frequency antenna shaped as a spiral, first described in 1956. Archimedean spiral antennas are the most popular, while logarithmic spiral antennas are independent of frequency: the driving point impedance, radiation pattern and polarization of such antennas remain unchanged over a large bandwidth. Spiral antennas are inherently circularly polarized with low gain; antenna arrays can be used to increase the gain. Spiral antennas are reduced in size with its windings making it an extremely small structure. Lossy cavities are usually placed at the back to eliminate back lobes, because a unidirectional pattern is usually preferred in such antennas. Spiral antennas are classified into different configurations: Archimedean spiral, logarithmic spiral, square spiral, etc.

Principle
In general, antennas may operate in three different modes: traveling wave, fast wave, and leaky wave. Spiral antennas use all three.

The traveling wave, formed on spiral arms, allows for broadband performance. Fast wave is due to mutual coupling phenomenon occurring between arms of spiral. Leaky wave “leaks” the energy during propagation through the spiral arms to produce radiation.

Ring theory (band theory) explains the working principle of spiral antenna. The theory states that spiral antenna radiate from an active region where the circumference of the spiral equals the wavelength.

Design
Different design parameters are to be considered while designing a square spiral antenna. The parameters include spacing between the turns $$s$$, width of arm $$w$$, inner radius $$r_1$$ and outer radius $$r_2$$. The inner radius is measured from center of the spiral to center of the first turn while the outer radius is measured from center of the spiral to center of the outermost turn. Other than these design parameters, spiral antennas have lowest ($$f_{\text{low}} = c/2 \pi r_2)$$ and highest $$(f_{\text{high}} = c/2 \pi r_1)$$ operating frequencies. Here $$c \le 299.79\text{ Mm/s} = c_0$$ corresponds to speed of light in the metal of the antenna, mainly determined by the electrical permittivity of the substrate the spiral lies on, and its over-coating (if any).

In a polar $$(r,\theta)$$ coordinate system, the spiral grows along the $$r$$-axis and $$\theta$$-axis simultaneously. Often-used Archemedian spirals satisfy a particularly simple equation $$r = a + b\,\theta$$ where $$a$$ corresponds to growth factor and $$b$$ corresponds to multiplication factor. The consequence is equal spacing between successive turns, which limits the width of the spiral arms, which is usually kept constant. Other choices of spiral shape can also be used, such as logarithmic spirals that satisfy $$r = a + b\,e^{m \theta}$$; the resulting spiral arms are more widely spaced in the outer turns, which can better accommodate arms that widen significantly.

Different designs of spiral antenna can be obtained by varying number of turns for each arm, the number of arms, the type of spiral, the spacing between its turns, the variation of the width of its arm(s), and the material(s) that surround it, such as the substrate it lies on.

Elements
The antenna usually has two conductive spiral arms, extending from the center outwards. The direction of rotation of the spiral defines the direction of antenna polarization. Additional spirals may be included as well, to form a multi-spiral structure. The antenna may be a flat disc, with conductors resembling a pair of loosely nested clock springs, or the spirals may extend in a three-dimensional shape like a screw thread.

The output of a two-arm or four-arm spiral antenna is a balanced line. If a single input or output line is desired – for example a grounded coaxial line – then a balun or other transformer is added to alter the signal's electrical mode.

Usually the spiral is cavity-backed – that is, there is a cavity of air or non-conductive material or vacuum, surrounded by conductive walls behind the spiral. A cavity with the proper shape and size changes the antenna pattern to receive and transmit in a single direction, away from the cavity.

The spiral can be printed or etched over a specifically chosen dielectric medium, whose permittivity can be used to alter the frequency for a given size. Dielectric mediums like Rogers RT Duroid help in reducing the physical size of antenna. Thin substrates with higher permittivity can achieve the same result as thick substrates with lower permittivity. The only problem with such materials is their less availability and high costs.

Applications
Spiral antennas transmit circularly polarized radio waves, and will receive linearly polarized waves in any orientation, but will drastically attenuate circularly polarized signals received with the opposite-rotation. A spiral antenna will reject circularly polarized waves of one type, while receiving perfectly well waves having the other polarization.

One application of spiral antennas is wide-band communications. Another application of spiral antennas is monitoring of the frequency spectrum. One antenna can receive over a wide bandwidth, for example a ratio 5:1 between the maximum and minimum frequency. Usually a pair of spiral antennas are used in this application, having identical parameters except the polarization, which is opposite (one is right-hand, the other left-hand oriented). Spiral antennas are useful for microwave direction-finding.