Starshina

Starshina (старшина or Starshyna in Russian transliteration) is a senior military rank or designation in the military forces of some Slavic states, and a historical military designation. Depending on a country, it has different meanings, which sometimes are very different. In the 19th century with the expansion of the Imperial Russia into Turkestan and the Central Asia, the word was even used to identify some Turkic leaders as a basic Russian word for aqsaqal (white-beard) as an example.

Originally in Cossack's army it identified a commissioned officer rank and was later adopted in Russian culture as a non-commissioned officer rank. During the times of Cossack Hetmanate, there were starshyna (officers) and general starshyna (general officers) the latter were part of the Hetman General Officers Council. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, most of post-Soviet countries has adopted the Soviet interpretation of the word.

Only since the 1930s in Russian or Soviet army terminology, a starshina is equivalent to "Sergeant Major" (Most senior member at the company level) or a rank equal to a NATO OR-8. In naval terminology, starshina is a general term for junior and middle-ranking non-commissioned officers, similar in usage to "Chief Petty Officer".

The word originates from Old East Slavic language «*старъ»(star)

Imperial Russia
Later, in the Tsardom of Russia and Imperial Russia, a volostnoy starshina was the chief of a volost (a rural administrative unit), in charge of the distribution of taxes, resolving conflicts within obshchina (communes), distributing community lands and military conscription. The rank of Voiskovoi starshina (Войсковой старшина – Starshina of the Army (Host)) was introduced into the ranks of the Imperial military in 1826, as the equivalent of a "Lieutenant Colonel" in the Cossack cavalry.

Soviet Union and Russian Federation
The word starshina gained its modern meaning in the Red Army, and is a hangover from the functional titles (like "Brigade Commander" or "Assistant Platoon Leader") that were initially used by that force – the word literally means "senior". Most functional titles in the Red Army were abolished in 1942, but starshina remained. Starshina was the highest non-commissioned rank in the Soviet Army until the reintroduction of the imperial rank of Praporshchik in 1972.

In the Soviet Navy, the term starshina was introduced between 1940 and 1943 as term equivalent to "Petty Officer" for every enlisted seaman above "Matros, 1st class." There was also created a rank equal to starshina in the Army, but termed Glavnyy korabel'nyy starshina – this is the naval rank depicted in the tables below.

Language variants
In some former communist state, the rank of "older" is used with the local language variants.

Naval variants

 * Glavny starshina of the ship
 * Glavny starshina
 * Starshina 1st stage
 * Starshina 2nd stage