Sun in an Empty Room

Sun in an Empty Room is a 1963 painting by American realist Edward Hopper (1882–1967). It is a late period painting completed at his Cape Cod summer home and studio in South Truro, Massachusetts, just four years before his death at age 84. The work depicts a room, seemingly empty, except for light coming through a window, reflecting along the walls and floor. Leaves on a tree or bush can be seen just outside the window.

Background
American realist Edward Hopper (1882–1967) was intensely focused on light, and it played a primary theme and subject in his work. Early in his career, after he left art school, he supported himself by working as a commercial artist, at first in an advertising agency. Tired of illustrating figures required for his paid work, he once famously remarked, "What I wanted to do was to paint sunlight on the side of a house." This lifelong interest in sunlight is found not just in his subjects, but also in many of his titles. Morning Sun (1952), City Sunlight (1954), Sunlight on Brownstone (1956), Sunlight in a Cafeteria (1958), People in the Sun (1960), Second-Story Sunlight (1960), and A Woman in the Sun (1961) are just some examples of this shared theme.

Development
By the end of his career, Hopper had produced over 800 works in total, but his output was measured and methodical. He would spend months deliberating a work before even beginning to paint. It once took him several years before he could even paint an image of a cloud in the sky. By the 1960s, Hopper was slowly producing approximately two paintings a year, usually consisting of one finished work in the spring and one in the fall. He began working on what would become two of his last four paintings in 1963. From March to April of that year, Hopper completed one of his largest paintings, Intermission. At the age of 81, Hopper began working on Sun in an Empty Room in October 1963, just four years before his death at age 84. Art critic Brian O'Doherty (1928–2022) and photographer Hans Namuth (1915–1990) documented the initial preparation and creation of the work at Hopper's Cape Cod summer home and studio in South Truro, Massachusetts.

Like his painting Early Sunday Morning (1930), which once had a figure in a window but was later painted out, Hopper originally had planned for a figure in an early sketch for Sun in an Empty Room, but it was also removed, as it was too big. The work shares elements in common with earlier Hopper paintings, such as Summer Interior (1909), Eleven A.M. (1926) and Room in Brooklyn (1932), but is thought to be a continuation of the themes first explored in his previous work, Rooms by the Sea (1951), which also shows an empty room with light coming in. While working on the painting, Hopper told O'Doherty that he had been curious about the idea of an empty room for some time, and had previously considered what it would be like to represent a scene with no observer. "When we were at school, [ Guy Pène du Bois ] and Rockwell Kent and others debated what a room looked like when there was nobody to see it, nobody looking in even."

Description
Sunlight enters an empty room through a window, casting light amidst shadows on two walls and the floor, from the right to the left, taller in the center, towards a corner which casts a shadow on a back wall to the lower left, with a strip of light on the bottom wall and floor. The light coming from the window takes the form of a yellow trapezoid on both walls where the light falls. Outside the room, as seen through the window on the right, green foliage is visible, possibly from a tree.

Interpretation
Throughout his career, Hopper said and wrote almost nothing about the meaning of his work, and from what he did say, there is conflicting information. In one letter, Hopper said he thought that art is an "expression of the subconscious", and he believed that artists were unaware or unconscious of the most important aspects of their work. And yet, six years after this letter, Hopper wrote that his work "has always been the most exact transcription possible of my most intimate impressions of nature." Art historian Katharine Kuh notes that Hopper refused to analyze his late work, believing that meaning was lost by talking about it. Instead, he would say "The whole answer is there on the canvas". In spite of this, critics believe that the painting is the most autobiographical of Hopper's works. In his personal notebook, Hopper wrote, "Sun in an Empty Room. Green bushes outside window. White light + uncompromising shadow. Stark." Art critic Brian O'Doherty once asked Hopper "what he was after" in the painting. Hopper responded, "I'm after me."

Style
Critics and art historians believe that Hopper's work represents more than just his personal vision, but is part of a larger modern American realist movement rooted in regionalism. Lloyd Goodrich of the Whitney Museum of American Art once classified Hopper's style as that of an "American Scene" painter, a term which was originally coined by Henry James (1843–1916) for his controversial book The American Scene (1907). In spite of these critical assessments, Hopper refused to accept any connection with the American Scene movement during his life.

Art historian Jerrold Lanes also disagreed with describing Hopper as an American Scene painter, preferring to describe his subjects as rooted in the American scene, but with French influence like Degas on Hopper's composition, which is generalized rather than specific, leading to describing Hopper's style as more of a symbolist. "For although Sun in an Empty Room is a highly symbolic picture," writes Lanes, "it yet contains nothing that can be called a symbol, whether object or person, except the room and the light, and these are the sine qua non of the design. This is basically the process by which any and all art makes its statement as it is the subject of that statement, and I think the painting can be taken as a measure of the ambitiousness, the purity and the success of Hopper’s art at its best, and by the same token of the extent by which it transcends the American or any other scene."

Sun in an Empty Room is reduced to its simplest elements of light and shadow. Because of this, critics often attempted to compare Hopper's late period works to the more modern style of 20th century abstract art, but Hopper adamantly refused to accept or acknowledge this comparison as well.

Neuroscience
Visual neurophysiologist Margaret Livingstone argues that this painting is part of a larger body of art that reveals how we see and think about the world in terms of visual processing. Livingstone notes that artists can disregard the laws of physics because our visual systems are not concerned with details such as shadows. "Because computations about depth from shading and illumination of objects begin with local computations", writes Livingstone, "images do not have to be globally consistent in order to generate a satisfactory sensation of depth and shadow." In this example, Livingstone shows how Hopper fails to paint a shadow on the wall from the sunlight falling through the middle check rail of the window.

Cultural influence
Many writers and artists have referred to the painting in their work. American poet John Hollander (1929–2013) published a poem about the painting, and in other work, defends Hopper from his critics and portrays Hopper as following in the tradition of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Canadian indie rock band The Weakerthans wrote the song "Sun in an Empty Room" about the painting, publishing it on their fourth album, Reunion Tour (2007). The song's lyrics describe what might have happened in the room. Filmmaker Mathieu Amalric created an entire short film based on the painting titled Next to Last (Autumn 63) (2012) for the European public service channel Arte, part of a larger series called Hopper Stories. Filmmaker Gustav Deutsch brings the painting to life in the context of American history in his film Shirley: Visions of Reality (2013).

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