Synodontis lufirae

Synodontis lufirae is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the Lufira River drainage. It was first described by Max Poll  in 1971. The original specimens were obtained in the Lufira River, in the Congo River Basin. The species name lufirae is named for the river in which the species is found.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. lufirae has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines. These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes. The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is 20.5 cm. Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the Lufira River system, including Lake Koni. It is harvested for human consumption. The species faces threats to its survival from habitat loss from mining, dams, the use of toxic plants for fishing, and overfishing. As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes. The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning. The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.