Tánaiste

The Tánaiste is the second-ranking member of the government of Ireland and the holder of its second-most senior office. They are the equivalent of a deputy prime minister in other parliamentary systems.

The Tánaiste is appointed by the President of Ireland on the advice of the Taoiseach. The current office holder is former Taoiseach Micheál Martin, TD, who was appointed on 17 December 2022.

History
Under the Gaelic system of tanistry, the word tánaiste (plural tánaistí,, approximately ) had been used for the heir of the chief (taoiseach) or king (rí). The word was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title for a member of the government nominated by the Taoiseach to act in their place as needed during periods of the Taoiseach's temporary absence. Tánaiste is the official title of the deputy head of government in both English and Irish, and is not used for other countries' deputy prime ministers, who are referred to in Irish by the generic term leas-phríomh-aire,, approximately. The longer Irish form, an Tánaiste, is sometimes used in English instead of "the Tánaiste".

Overview
The office was created in 1937 under the new Constitution of Ireland and replaced the previous office of Vice-President of the Executive Council, which had existed under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, and which was first held by Kevin O'Higgins of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1922 to 1927.

The Taoiseach nominates one member of the Government to the office who is required to be a member of Dáil Éireann. The nominee then receives their seal of office from the President of Ireland in recognition of the appointment. The Tánaiste acts in the place of the Taoiseach during a temporary absence. In the event of the Taoiseach's death or permanent incapacitation, the Tánaiste acts as Taoiseach until another is appointed. The Tánaiste is, ex officio, a member of the Council of State. The Tánaiste chairs meetings of the government in the absence of the Taoiseach and may take questions on their behalf in the Dáil or Seanad.

Aside from those duties, the title is largely honorific as the Constitution does not confer any additional powers on the office holder over and above the other members of the Government. In theory, the Tánaiste could be a minister without portfolio, but every Tánaiste has in parallel held a ministerial portfolio as head of a Department of State. The Department of the Taoiseach is a Department of State, but there is no equivalent for the Tánaiste. Dick Spring in the Rainbow Coalition (1994–1997) had an official "Office of the Tánaiste", but other parties have not used that nomenclature. Under Spring, Eithne Fitzgerald was "Minister of State at the Office of the Tánaiste", with responsibility for co-ordinating Labour policy in the coalition.

Under a coalition government, the Tánaiste is typically the leader of the second-largest coalition partner, just as the Taoiseach is usually leader of the coalition's senior partner. However, during the coalition governments in 1989–1992 and 2007–2011, the position was held by Fianna Fáil's deputy leader, rather than the leader of a junior partner. As part of a rotating Taoiseach agreement since 2020, the role of Tánaiste gained increased prominence and responsibility in coordinating and Government policy as it was held by Leo Varadkar for the first half of the Government's term in office prior to his appointment as Taoiseach and Micheál Martin in the second half.

The office of Tánaiste is as yet the highest government rank attained by a woman Minister.

Four Tánaistí later held the office of Taoiseach: Seán Lemass, Bertie Ahern, Brian Cowen, and Leo Varadkar (his second term as Taoiseach). Varadkar is also one of two Tánaistí, with Micheál Martin, to have previously held the office of Taoiseach before becoming Tánaiste. Two Tánaistí were later elected as President of Ireland: Seán T. O'Kelly and Erskine H. Childers.

List of office-holders
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 * colspan=9 |
 * colspan=9 |

Vice-President of the Executive Council
! No. ! Portrait ! width=20% |Name (Birth–Death) Constituency ! colspan=2 width=16% |Term of office ! colspan=2|Party ! Exec. Council (President) ! Ministries as Vice-President ! style="background:; color:white;" | 1 TD for Leix–Offaly until 1923 TD for Dublin County from 1923 1922 1927 ! style="background-color: " | (W.T.Cosgrave) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 2 TD for Monaghan 1927 1932 ! style="background-color: " | (W.T.Cosgrave) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 3 TD for Dublin North until 1937 TD for Dublin North-West from 1937 1932 1937 ! style="background-color: " | (de Valera)
 * Kevin O'Higgins (1892–1927)
 * Kevin O'Higgins (1892–1927)
 * 6 December
 * 10 July
 * Cumann na nGaedheal
 * 1·2
 * Justice (1922–1927)
 * Ernest Blythe (1889–1975)
 * Ernest Blythe (1889–1975)
 * 14 July
 * 9 March
 * Cumann na nGaedheal
 * 3·4·5
 * Posts and Telegraphs (1927–1932)
 * Seán T. O'Kelly (1882–1966)
 * Seán T. O'Kelly (1882–1966)
 * 9 March
 * 29 December
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 6·7·8
 * Local Government and Public Health (1932–1937)
 * colspan=9 |
 * colspan=9 |

Tánaiste
! No. ! Portrait ! Name (Birth–Death) Constituency ! colspan=2|Term of office ! colspan=2|Party ! Government (Taoiseach) ! Ministries as Tánaiste Higher Offices Held ! style="background:; color:white;" | (3) TD for Dublin North-West 1937 1945 ! style="background-color: " | (de Valera) Education (1939) Finance (1939–1945) President of Ireland (1945–1959) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 4 TD for Dublin South 1945 1948 ! style="background-color: " | (de Valera) Industry and Commerce (1945–1948) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 5 TD for Kildare 1948 1951 ! style="background-color: " | (Costello) ! style="background:; color:white;" | (4) TD for Dublin South-Central 1951 1954 ! style="background-color: " | (de Valera) ! style="background:; color:white;" | (5) TD for Kildare 1954 1957 ! style="background-color: " | (Costello) ! style="background:; color:white;" | (4) TD for Dublin South-Central 1957 1959 ! style="background-color: " | (de Valera) Taoiseach (1959–1966) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 6 TD for Dublin South-East 1959 1965 ! style="background-color: " | (Lemass) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 7 TD for Louth 1965 1969 ! style="background-color: " | (Lemass) 12 (Lynch) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 8 TD for Monaghan 1969 1973 ! style="background-color: " | (Lynch) President of Ireland (1973–1974) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 9 TD for Wexford 1973 1977 ! style="background-color: " | (L. Cosgrave) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 10 TD for Dublin Clontarf 1977 1981 ! style="background-color: " | (Lynch) 16 (Haughey) Tourism and Transport (1979–1980) Energy (1980–1981) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 11 TD for Dublin Central 1981 1982 ! style="background-color: " | (FitzGerald) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 12 TD for Sligo–Leitrim 1982 1982 ! style="background-color: " | (Haughey) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 13 TD for Kerry North 1982 1987 ! style="background-color: " | (FitzGerald) Energy (1983–1987) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 14 TD for Cork South-Central 1987 1987 ! style="background-color: " | ! style="background:; color:white;" | 15 TD for Dublin West 1987 1990 ! style="background-color: " | (Haughey) Defence (1989–1990) ! rowspan=2 style="background:; color:white;" | 16 TD for Cavan–Monaghan 1990 1993 ! rowspan=2 style="background-color: " | (Haughey) (Reynolds) ! style="background:; color:white;" | (13) TD for Kerry North 1993 1994 ! style="background-color: " | (Reynolds) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 17 TD for Dublin Central 1994 1994 ! style="background-color: " | Taoiseach (1997–2008) ! style="background:; color:white;" | (13) TD for Kerry North 1994 1997 ! style="background-color: " | (Bruton) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 18 TD for Dublin South-West until 2002 TD for Dublin Mid-West from 2002 1997 2006 ! style="background-color: " | (Ahern) Health and Children (2004–2006) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 19 TD for Dublin South-East 2006 2007 ! style="background-color: " | (Ahern) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 20 TD for Laois–Offaly 2007 2008 ! style="background-color: " | (Ahern) Taoiseach (2008–2011) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 21 TD for Donegal South-West 2008 2011 ! style="background-color: " | (Cowen) Education and Skills (2010–2011) Health and Children (2011) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 22 TD for Dún Laoghaire 2011 2014 ! style="background-color: " | (Kenny) ! style="background:; color:white;" | 23 TD for Dublin West 2014 2016 ! style="background-color: " | ! style="background:; color:white;" rowspan=2| 24 TD for Dublin Mid-West 2016 2017 ! rowspan=2 style="background-color: " | (Kenny) (Varadkar) ! style="background:; color:white;"| 25 TD for Cork South Central 2017 2020 ! style="background-color: " | ! style="background:; color:white;"| 26 TD for Dublin West 2020 2022 ! style="background-color: " | (Martin) ! style="background:; color:white;" rowspan=2| 27 TD for Cork South-Central 2022 (Varadkar) (Harris)
 * Seán T. O'Kelly (1882–1966)
 * Seán T. O'Kelly (1882–1966)
 * 29 December
 * 14 June
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 1·2·3·4
 * Local Government and Public Health (1937–1939)
 * Seán Lemass (1899–1971)
 * Seán Lemass (1899–1971)
 * 14 June
 * 18 February
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 4
 * Supplies (1945)
 * William Norton (1900–1963)
 * William Norton (1900–1963)
 * 18 February
 * 13 June
 * Labour Party
 * 5
 * Social Welfare (1948–1951)
 * Seán Lemass (1899–1971)
 * Seán Lemass (1899–1971)
 * 13 June
 * 2 June
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 6
 * Industry and Commerce (1951–1954)
 * William Norton (1900–1963)
 * William Norton (1900–1963)
 * 2 June
 * 20 March
 * Labour Party
 * 7
 * Industry and Commerce (1954–1957)
 * Seán Lemass (1899–1971)
 * Seán Lemass (1899–1971)
 * 20 March
 * 23 June
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 8
 * Industry and Commerce (1957–1959)
 * Seán MacEntee (1889–1984)
 * Seán MacEntee (1889–1984)
 * 23 June
 * 21 April
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 9·10
 * Health (1959–1965)
 * Frank Aiken (1898–1983)
 * Frank Aiken (1898–1983)
 * 21 April
 * 2 July
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 11
 * External Affairs (1965–1969)
 * Erskine H. Childers (1905–1974)
 * Erskine H. Childers (1905–1974)
 * 2 July
 * 14 March
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 13
 * Health (1969–1973)
 * Brendan Corish (1918–1990)
 * Brendan Corish (1918–1990)
 * 14 March
 * 5 July
 * Labour Party
 * 14
 * Health (1973–1977)
 * George Colley (1925–1983)
 * George Colley (1925–1983)
 * 5 July
 * 30 June
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 15
 * Finance (1977–1979)
 * Michael O'Leary (1936–2006)
 * Michael O'Leary (1936–2006)
 * 30 June
 * 9 March
 * Labour Party
 * 17
 * Energy (1981–1982)
 * Ray MacSharry (born 1938)
 * Ray MacSharry (born 1938)
 * 9 March
 * 14 December
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 18
 * Finance (1982)
 * Dick Spring (born 1950)
 * Dick Spring (born 1950)
 * 14 December
 * 20 January
 * Labour Party
 * rowspan=2|19
 * Environment (1982–1983)
 * Peter Barry (1928–2016)
 * Peter Barry (1928–2016)
 * 20 January
 * 10 March
 * Fine Gael
 * Foreign Affairs (1987)
 * Brian Lenihan (1930–1995)
 * Brian Lenihan (1930–1995)
 * 10 March
 * 31 October
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 20·21
 * Foreign Affairs (1987–1989)
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2 |John Wilson (1923–2007)
 * rowspan=2 | 13 November
 * rowspan=2 | 12 January
 * rowspan=2 |Fianna Fáil
 * 21
 * Marine (1990–1992)
 * 22
 * 22
 * Defence and Gaeltacht (1992–1993)
 * Dick Spring (born 1950)
 * Dick Spring (born 1950)
 * 12 January
 * 17 November
 * Labour Party
 * rowspan=2|23
 * Foreign Affairs (1993–1994)
 * Bertie Ahern (born 1951)
 * Bertie Ahern (born 1951)
 * 17 November
 * 15 December
 * Fianna Fáil
 * Finance (1994)
 * Dick Spring (born 1950)
 * Dick Spring (born 1950)
 * 15 December
 * 26 June
 * Labour Party
 * 24
 * Foreign Affairs (1994–1997)
 * Mary Harney (born 1953)
 * Mary Harney (born 1953)
 * 26 June
 * 13 September
 * Progressive Democrats
 * 25·26
 * Enterprise, Trade and Employment (1997–2004)
 * Michael McDowell (born 1951)
 * Michael McDowell (born 1951)
 * 13 September
 * 14 June
 * Progressive Democrats
 * 26
 * Justice, Equality and Law Reform (2002–2007)
 * Brian Cowen (born 1960)
 * Brian Cowen (born 1960)
 * 14 June
 * 7 May
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 27
 * Finance (2007–2008)
 * Mary Coughlan (born 1965)
 * Mary Coughlan (born 1965)
 * 7 May
 * 9 March
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 28
 * Enterprise, Trade and Employment (2008–2010)
 * Eamon Gilmore (born 1955)
 * Eamon Gilmore (born 1955)
 * 9 March
 * 4 July
 * Labour Party
 * rowspan=2|29
 * Foreign Affairs and Trade (2011–2014)
 * Joan Burton (born 1949)
 * Joan Burton (born 1949)
 * 4 July
 * 6 May
 * Labour Party
 * Social Protection (2014–2016)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2| Frances Fitzgerald (born 1950)
 * rowspan=2| 6 May
 * rowspan=2| 28 November
 * rowspan=2|Fine Gael
 * 30
 * Justice and Equality (2016–2017)
 * rowspan=2|31
 * rowspan=2|31
 * Business, Enterprise and Innovation (2017)
 * Simon Coveney (born 1972)
 * Simon Coveney (born 1972)
 * 30 November
 * 27 June
 * Fine Gael
 * Foreign Affairs and Trade (2017–2020)
 * Leo Varadkar (born 1979)
 * Leo Varadkar (born 1979)
 * 27 June
 * 17 December
 * Fine Gael
 * 32
 * Enterprise, Trade and Employment (2020–2022) Taoiseach (2017−2020, 2022–2024)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|Micheál Martin (born 1960)
 * rowspan=2|17 December
 * rowspan=2|Incumbent
 * 33
 * 33
 * rowspan=2|Taoiseach (2020−2022) Foreign Affairs (2022–present) Defence (2022–present)
 * 34
 * 34
 * }