T. L. Nichols

Thomas Low Nichols (December 13, 1815 – July 8, 1901) was an American physician, journalist, writer and advocate for a number of causes including free love, hydrotherapy, food and health reform, vegetarianism and spiritualism.

Born in Orford, New Hampshire, Nichols initially studied medicine at Dartmouth College but dropped out and became a radical journalist, working for newspapers in Lowell and New York. His tenure as an editor and proprietor of the Buffalonian led to a brief prison sentence for libel, documented in his work Journal in Jail (1840). Nichols married Mary Gove in 1848 and completed his M.D. at New York University in 1850. Together, they established a school for water-cure therapists and authored books on health and reform.

Nichols actively participated in associations promoting hygienic practices, vegetarianism, and public health. He founded journals like Nichols' Monthly and Nichols' Journal to advocate for his beliefs, which included free love, universal suffrage, and libertarianism. Nichols and his wife were associated with Josiah Warren's Modern Times community before founding the Memnonia Institute in Yellow Springs, Ohio, which eventually failed. After converting to Roman Catholicism, the couple moved to London to escape the American Civil War, where Nichols continued writing, founded the Co-operative Sanitary Company, and advocated for various causes including temperance, dress reform, and vegetarianism. Following Mary's death in 1884, Nichols relocated to Sutton, Surrey, before his death in Chaumont-en-Vexin, France, in 1901.

Biography
Nichols was born on December 13, 1815, in Orford, New Hampshire. He studied medicine at Dartmouth College, until he dropped out and became a radical journalist. Nichols apprenticed on newspapers in Lowell and New York, before becoming an editor and partial proprietor of the Buffalonian in 1837. An article he published while editor of The New York Aurora, led to him serving four months in prison for libel; Nichols later published Journal in Jail, an account of his experience, in 1840.

Nichols married Mary Gove in July 1848. He completed his M.D. at New York University in 1850. Later, the couple founded a school for training water-cure therapists and published several books on health, food and other reforms. Nichols was secretary of the American Hygienic and Hydropathic Association and the Society of Public Health and vice-president of the American Vegetarian Society.



Between 1853 and 1857, Nichols published two journals, Nichols' Monthly and Nichols' Journal, to advocate for his beliefs. In Nichols' Monthly, he partially published an epistolary utopian story, which he infused with his beliefs about free love, universal suffrage and libertarianism; it was later published in novel form, as Esperanza: My Journey Thither and What I Found There, in 1860.

For some time, the couple lived in Josiah Warren's Modern Times free love anarchist community, based on Long Island. In 1856, the couple left and founded a "school of life", called the Memnonia Institute, based in Yellow Springs, Ohio. It collapsed in 1857 and the couple converted to Roman Catholicism.

The couple relocated to London to escape the American Civil War. Nichols published two further novels Uncle Angus (1864) and Jerry (1872), as well as a best-selling autobiography Forty Years of American Life in 1864. Nichols started the Co-operative Sanitary Company in 1875 and the couple co-founded a health publication, the Herald of Health. The couple campaigned for temperance and dress reform and against military conscription, vivisection, vaccinations and capital punishment. They also helped create several vegetarian restaurants in London.

Mary died in 1884; after her death, Nichols moved to Sutton, Surrey, where he continued to publish his pamphlets.

Nichols later moved to Chaumont-en-Vexin, France. He died there on July 8, 1901, at the age of 85.

Legacy
Animal rights and vegetarianism activist Ernest Bell, credited Nichols' pamphlet How to Live on Sixpence A-day, as the initial inspiration for his vegetarianism.

Selected publications

 * Journal in Jail: Kept During a Four Months' Imprisonment for Libel, in the Jail of Erie County (1840)
 * Esoteric Anthropology (The Mysteries of Man) (1853)
 * Esperanza: My Journey Thither and What I Found There (1860)
 * Forty Years of American Life (1864)
 * Uncle Angus (1864)
 * Jerry (1872)
 * How to Live on Sixpence A-day (1873)
 * The Herald of Health (1877)
 * Dr. Nichols' Penny Vegetarian Cookery: The Science and the Art of Selecting and Preparing a Pure, Healthful, and Sufficient Diet Illustrated by Food Diagrams and Portraits of Distinguished Vegetarians (1888)
 * "MARRIAGE in all Ages and Nations As it Has Been - As it is - As it might be Its History, Physiology, Morals and Laws (Author of Esoteric Anthropology, Human Physiology The Basis of Sanitary and Social Science, Forty Years of American Life, Nichols Health Manual and Memorial etc" London Published for the Author by W Foulsham & Co (Late Catty & Dobson) 4 Pilgrim St Ludgate Hill EC. Roffe & Co Boston Mass USA (1886)