TMEM19

Transmembrane protein 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM19 gene.

Gene
The TMEM19 gene is located on chromosome 12(12q21.1) spanning 18,966 base pairs on the + strand. The gene has a total of 6 exon regions.

Studies have found that after using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array method the TMEM19 gene was identified to be associated with ammonia nitrogen tolerance. Using a genome-wide association study of individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip with palate (NSCLP) to identify loci that are at risk for the birth defect. From this they were able to identify the loci of TMEM19 as a risk for this birth defect, along with 25 other loci.

Transcript
The mRNA transcript of TMEM19 is 5662 base pairs. The TMEM19 transcript was found to be expressed in most tissues but has increased expression in duodenum, kidney, skin, small intestine, and urinary bladder. in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model in cells that were subjected to glucose deficiency or oxidative stress. This results in cell death due to excessive disulfide formation in actin cytoskeleton and actin filament called disulfidptosis.

Protein
TMEM19 is a protein spanning 336 amino acids. It has 6 transmembrane regions. The protein is found at moderate levels in the body, with the highest expression found in superior cervical ganglia and cardiac myocytes. TMEM19 interacts with many proteins, most of these proteins are localized around membranes found in the cell.

Post translational modifications
Using BioCuckoo, TMEM19 was analyzed for phosphorylation sites in the protein sequence. The program was run on a medium threshold and scanned for every kinase available. Phosphorylation sites are in order of decreasing score. AGC represents protein kinase A, protein kinase G, and protein kinase C.

Evolutionary history
TMEM19 Orthologs were sorted by the median date of divergence. TMEM19 has a median date of divergence greater than 1598 MYA which is found in Thale cress. TMEM19 does not have any paralogs, this was determined after running TMEM19 through BLAST. The human TMEM19 protein is closely related to vertebrates and moderately related to fungi/plants. TMEM19 evolves at a rate that is related to cytochrome c.